sumodlfull.owl is a translation from the SUMO.kif upper ontology. dc:title "OWL DL version of the Suggested Upper Merged Ontology (SUMO)" . dc:date "2008-04-02" . dc:creator "Stuart Hendren" . dc:description "This is the source file for an OWL DL version of SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology). This version was adapted from the KIF version http://reliant.teknowledge.com/SUMO.kif with the aim of making no additions but removing what is not compatible with the OWL language. All classes are included, where possible constraint have also been translated - eg disjoints and simple defined classes. Multityped resources have been created as separate types so as to remain in DL. Only binary relationships can be constructed in OWL DL, without adding constructs to cope, so higher arity relations and functions can not be used as intended. This leaves the implementation of such constructs to the user. For further information on SUMO see http://www.ontologyportal.org/. Those who are interested in making use of SUMO are urged to contact Adam Pease (adampease@earthlink.net). Those who are interested in making use this version of SUMO may contact Stuart Hendren for further details (me@stuarthendren.net). We ask that people using or referencing this work to also cite the primary SUMO paper: Niles, I., and Pease, A. 2001. Towards a Standard Upper Ontology. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS-2001), Chris Welty and Barry Smith, eds, Ogunquit, Maine, October 17-19, 2001." . dc:rights "copyright 2003 (c) Teknowledge This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version." . A geographic location, generally having definite boundaries. Note that this differs from its immediate superclass sumo:Region in that a sumo:GeographicArea is a three-dimensional sumo:Region of the earth. Accordingly, all astronomical objects other than earth and all one-dimensional and two-dimensional sumo:Regions are not classed under sumo:GeographicArea. A sumo:Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of feathers. Any sumo:Device whose purpose is to measure a sumo:PhysicalQuantity. Any sumo:TwoDimensionalFigure which has a well defined interior and exterior. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve comparing, relating, contrasting, etc. the properties of two or more sumo:Entities. The core of the sumo:Atom. It is composed of sumo:Protons and sumo:Neutrons. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where a sumo:Liquid is removed from an sumo:Object. A cold-blooded, smooth-skinned sumo:Vertebrate which characteristically hatches as an aquatic larva, breathing by gills. When mature, the sumo:Amphibian breathes with sumo:Lungs. A sumo:subclass of sumo:Attributes for characterizing the breakability of sumo:CorpuscularObjects. A sumo:geopolitical area that is larger than a city, usually encompassing several cities, and smaller than a sumo:state or province. A sumo:FinancialTransaction in which an instance of sumo:Physical is exchanged for an instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are September. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Making in which a sumo:StationaryArtifact is built. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent pierces the surface of the sumo:Object with an sumo:instrument. Instances of this sumo:Class commit the sumo:agent to some truth. For example, John claimed that the moon is made of green cheese. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Perception in which the sensing is done by of an sumo:Organ which can discriminate various tastes. A sumo:Plant that produces seeds and flowers. This class includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and flowers. Submultiple of kilogram. Symbol: g. 1 kilogram = 1000 sumo:Grams. The sumo:Class of all calendar Wednesdays. An sumo:OrganizationalProcess carried out by, for or against officially constituted governments. Some examples would be voting on proposed legislation, electing a government representative, or even overthrowing a government in a revolution. Any sumo:body part which contains an unfilled space, e.g. sumo:body vessels, the atria and ventricles of the heart, the lungs, etc. Male An sumo:Attribute indicating that an sumo:Organism is male in nature. An sumo:Attribute indicating that an sumo:Organism is female in nature. Female SUO 1.55: July 14, 2003 The class of sumo:Female sumo:Humans. Properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium. Instances of Abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place and time without some physical encoding or embodiment. The sumo:Class of sumo:Relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments. Components of the sumo:AtomicNucleus. They have no charge. Any sumo:Decreasing sumo:Process where the sumo:PhysicalQuantity decreased is a sumo:TemperatureMeasure. A sumo:Process that is carried out for the purpose of curing, improving or reducing the pain associated with a sumo:DiseaseOrSyndrome. The sumo:Class of samples of the compound H20. Not that this sumo:Class covers both pure and impure sumo:Water. Informally, a single, directed route between two sumo:GraphNodes in a sumo:Graph. Formally, a sumo:DirectedGraph that is a sumo:subGraph of the original sumo:Graph and such that no two sumo:GraphArcs in the sumo:DirectedGraph have the same intial node (see sumo:InitialNodeFn) or the same terminal node (see sumo:TerminalNodeFn). sumo:Attributes that apply specifically to instances of sumo:Organism. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Radiating in which light is given off or absorbed. Some examples include blinking, flashing, and glittering. A sumo:Maneuver in a sumo:ViolentContest where the sumo:agent attempts to inflict damage on the sumo:patient. Any sumo:Mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a sumo:Gas and any component other than sumo:Gas in the sumo:Mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the sumo:Gas. Any heavily armed sumo:Organization that is part of a sumo:Government and that is charged with representing the sumo:Government in international conflicts. Part of a sumo:Word which cannot be subdivided and which expresses a meaning. The stage of an organism before it is sumo:FullyFormed. The sumo:Class of all clock sumo:Minutes. Any sumo:Number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. any sumo:Number that has a position on the number line. Elements from the number system with base 2. Every sumo:BinaryNumber is expressed as a sequence of the digits 1 and 0. A sumo:Set containing a finite number of elements. An sumo:IntentionalProcess that can be realized entirely within the mind or brain of an sumo:Organism. Thus, for example, sumo:Reasoning is a subclass of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because one can reason simply by exercising one's mind/brain. On the other hand, sumo:RecreationOrExercise is not a subclass of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcess, because many instances of sumo:RecreationOrExercise necessarily have sumo:subProcesses of sumo:BodyMotion. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent makes a modification or series of modifications to an sumo:Object that is not functioning as intended so that it works properly. The act of changing the direction in which the sumo:patient of the act is oriented. A sumo:Group whose sumo:members bear sumo:familyRelations to one another. A relatively short sumo:Text that either is unbound or is bound with other sumo:Articles in a sumo:Book. The sumo:Process of respiration, by which oxygen is made available to an sumo:Animal. This covers processes of inhalation, exhalation, and alternations between the two. A sumo:Class containing all of the sumo:Attributes relating to the notions of permission, obligation, and prohibition. sumo:AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by sumo:Plants. Any two sumo:OneDimensionalFigures (i.e. straight lines) meeting at a single sumo:GeometricPoint. SI sumo:LengthMeasure. Symbol: m. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the sumo:Meter is the length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of 1/299792458 of a sumo:SecondDuration. sumo:Putting one thing inside of another thing. sumo:Translocation is that class of sumo:Motions in which an object moves from one place to another. In the case of round trips, the sumo:origin and sumo:destination are the same, but the intervening motion passes through other locations. sumo:Translocation represents linear motion, in contrast to rotation or other movement in place. A vehicle is not necessary; sumo:Ambulating is a kind of sumo:Translocation. 1 1 A sumo:ContentBearingObject which depicts motion (and which may have an audio or text component as well). This sumo:Class covers films, videos, etc. A sumo:Residence which is strictly temporary, i.e. where no one makes his/her sumo:home. A sumo:WaterArea whose sumo:Water is saline, e.g. oceans and seas. SI sumo:TemperatureMeasure. Symbol: K. It is one of the base units in SI (it is also a unit in the ITS system). Kelvin differs from the Celsius scale in that the triple point of water is defined to be 273.16 sumo:KelvinDegrees while it is 0 sumo:CelsiusDegrees. The magnitudes of intervals in the two scales are the same. By definition the conversion constant is 273.15. A sumo:ManualHumanLanguage is a sumo:HumanLanguage which has as its medium gestures and movement, such as the shape, position, and movement of the hands. an sumo:Guiding whose aim is the enforcement of rules or regulations. Note the key differences between sumo:RegulatoryProcess and the related concept sumo:Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between a single manager and limited number of agents who are managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. The sumo:Class of graphs, where a graph is understood to be a set of sumo:GraphNodes connected by sumo:GraphArcs. Note that this sumo:Class includes only connected graphs, i.e. graphs in which there is a sumo:GraphPath between any two sumo:GraphNodes. Note too that every sumo:Graph is assumed to contain at least two sumo:GraphArcs and three sumo:GraphNodes. A sumo:Process that is carried out for the purpose of determining the nature of a sumo:DiseaseOrSyndrome. The class of sumo:Texts that purport to reveal facts about the world. Such texts are often known as information or as non-fiction. Note that something can be an instance of sumo:FactualText, even if it is wholly inaccurate. Whether something is a sumo:FactualText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text. English mass unit of pounds. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalRelations where the sumo:Agent has awareness of an instance of sumo:Physical. The class of sumo:TwoDimensionalFigures that are not sumo:ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures. An entity that has a location in space-time. Note that locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time. The class of activities that are caused by geological forces and affect geological features, and which may affect the biosphere as well. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where an sumo:Object is cooled and converted from a sumo:Gas to a sumo:Liquid. The sumo:Manufacture of sumo:Texts. Note that there is no implication that the sumo:Texts are distributed. Such distribution, when it occurs, is an instance of sumo:Dissemination. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Giving sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent gives the sumo:destination something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). sumo:TernaryRelations relate three items. The two sumo:subclasses of sumo:TernaryRelation are sumo:TernaryPredicate and sumo:BinaryFunction. This is the subclass of sumo:ContentBearingPhysical which are language-related. Note that this sumo:class encompasses both sumo:language and the the elements of sumo:languages, e.g. words. Any sumo:substance that is not the result of an sumo:intentional process, i.e. any substance that occurs naturally. The sumo:Process of putting on sumo:Clothing. The sumo:class of all astronomical objects of significant size. It includes sumo:self connected objects like planets, stars, and asteroids, as well as sumo:collections like nebulae, galaxies, and constellations. Note that the planet Earth is an sumo:astronomical body, but every sumo:region of Earth is a sumo:geographic area. One of the parts of speech. The sumo:Class of sumo:Words that conventionally denote sumo:Attributes of sumo:Processes. An Animal which has a spinal column. The sumo:Class of sumo:Functions that require exactly three arguments. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve attaching a name or category to a thing or set of things. Note that sumo:Classifying is distinguished from sumo:Learning by the fact that the latter covers the acquisition by a sumo:CognitiveAgent of any sumo:Proposition, while the former involves the assignment of a label or category. SI sumo:TimeDuration. Symbol: s. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the sumo:SecondDuration is the duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. SI electric potential measure. Symbol: V. It is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conducting wire carrying a constant current of 1 sumo:Ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 sumo:Watt. sumo:Volt = W/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-1). The sumo:OrganizationalProcess of joining an sumo:EducationalOrganization as a student. sumo:Attributes characterizing the orientation of an sumo:Object, e.g. sumo:Vertical versus sumo:Horizontal, sumo:Left versus sumo:Right etc. The ruling body of a sumo:GeopoliticalArea. SI amount of substance unit. symbol: mol. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the sumo:Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 sumo:Kilograms of carbon 12. Note that, when this sumo:UnitOfMeasure is used, the elementary entities must be specified - they may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, etc. or groups of such particles. Any sumo:Communication that involves a single sumo:agent and many sumo:destinations. This covers the release of a published book, broadcasting, a theatrical performance, giving orders to assembled troops, delivering a public lecture, etc. Any sumo:process, for example sumo:ManualHumanLanguage, which may contain a sumo:proposition. A sumo:WaterArea whose sumo:Water is not saline, e.g. most rivers and lakes. A sumo:SpokenHumanLanguage is a sumo:HumanLanguage which has as its medium the human voice. It can also be represented visually through writing, although not all sumo:SpokenHumanLanguages have a codified written form. A sumo:Process that has a specific purpose for the sumo:CognitiveAgent who performs it. An sumo:IntentionalProcess that involves an sumo:Organization. Any sumo:Cloud that is composed primarily of water vapor. sumo:Functions which are continuous.This concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised. A sumo:Text that has pages and is bound. A short sumo:Text that is a summary of another, longer sumo:Text. sumo:Attributes that indicate the the behavior/personality traits of an sumo:Organism. SI electric resistance measure. It is the electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 sumo:Volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 sumo:Ampere, this conductor not being the force of any electromotive force. sumo:Ohm = V/A = m^2*kg*s^(-3)*A^(-2). 1 A syntactically well-formed formula of a sumo:Language. It includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a sumo:Proposition. A chiefly aquatic plant that contains chlorophyll, but does not form embryos during development and lacks vascular tissue. A disordered process, activity, or state of the sumo:Organism as a whole, of a body system or systems, or of multiple sumo:Organs or sumo:Tissues. Included here are normal responses to a negative stimulus as well as patholologic conditions or states that are less specific than a disease. Pathologic functions frequently have systemic effects. Any sumo:Attribute of an sumo:Entity that is an internal property of the sumo:Entity, e.g. its shape, its color, its fragility, etc. The sumo:Class of all calendar sumo:Days. English unit of volume equal to 1/8 of a sumo:Cup. An sumo:Integer that is greater than zero. A sumo:Class of sumo:Arthropods that includes ticks and spiders. A term of a sumo:Language that represents a concept. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Poking sumo:Processes which involve a sharp sumo:instrument. sumo:WeatherProcess is the broadest class of processes that involve weather, including weather seasons (not to be confused with instances of sumo:SeasonOfYear), weather systems, and short-term weather events. sumo:BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by sumo:Animals. sumo:BinaryRelations are relations that are true only of pairs of things. sumo:BinaryRelations are represented as slots in frame systems. The value of an angle in a plane or in a solid. Any sumo:BodyMotion of sumo:Humans which is deliberately coordinated with music. A sumo:Calorie is an energy measure. sumo:QuintaryRelations relate five items. The two sumo:subclasses of sumo:QuintaryRelation are sumo:QuintaryPredicate and sumo:QuaternaryFunction. An sumo:Organism consisting of a core of a single nucleic acid enclosed in a protective coat of protein. A virus may replicate only inside a host living cell. A virus exhibits some but not all of the usual characteristics of living things. sumo:Processes which involve altering the properties that apply to the surface of an sumo:Object. Time unit. 1 hour = 60 minutes. An energy measure. Any instance of sumo:Hearing which is intentional. SI electric charge measure. Symbol: C. It is the quantity of electric charge transported through a cross section of a conductor in an electric circuit during each sumo:SecondDuration by a current of 1 sumo:Ampere. Coulomb = s*A. Any legal proceeding which is conducted by a sumo:JudicialOrganization. Note that there is an important difference between the concepts sumo:LegalAction and sumo:JudicialProcess. The former refers to legal claims that are brought by a plaintiff, e.g. law suits, while the second refers to trials and other sorts of judicial hearings where the merits of a sumo:LegalAction are decided. SI magnetic flux density measure. Symbol: T. One sumo:Tesla equals one sumo:Weber per square sumo:Meter. sumo:Tesla = Wb/m^2 = kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). The class of sumo:Male sumo:Humans. 1 The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where something is put in a location. Note that the location is specified with the sumo:CaseRole sumo:destination. The sumo:OrganizationalProcess of leaving an sumo:Organization, whether voluntarily or involuntarily. Any sumo:Process that requires two, nonidentical sumo:patients. 2 The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve concluding, on the basis of either deductive or inductive evidence, that a particular sumo:Proposition or sumo:Sentence is true. An extremely small unit of matter that retains its identity in Chemical reactions. It consists of an sumo:AtomicNucleus and sumo:Electrons surrounding the sumo:AtomicNucleus. The class of temporal durations (instances of sumo:TimeDuration) and positions of sumo:TimePoints and sumo:TimeIntervals along the universal timeline (instances of sumo:TimePosition). A sumo:GraphArc in which a sumo:GraphNode is linked to itself. The subclass of sumo:Selecting where the sumo:agent opts for one course of action out of a set of multiple possibilities. A sumo:Collection of sumo:Agents, e.g. a flock of sheep, a herd of goats, or the local Boy Scout troop. Exhibiting something or a range of things before the public in a particular location. This would cover software demos, theatrical plays, lectures, dance and music recitals, museum exhibitions, etc. A sumo:ConstantQuantity is a sumo:PhysicalQuantity which has a constant value, e.g. 3 meters and 5 hours. The magnitude (see sumo:MagnitudeFn) of every sumo:ConstantQuantity is a sumo:RealNumber. sumo:ConstantQuantities are distinguished from sumo:FunctionQuantities, which map sumo:ConstantQuantities to other sumo:ConstantQuantities. All sumo:ConstantQuantites are expressed with the sumo:BinaryFunction sumo:MeasureFn, which takes a sumo:Number and a sumo:UnitOfMeasure as arguments. For example, 3 sumo:Meters can be expressed as (sumo:MeasureFn 3 sumo:Meter). sumo:ConstantQuantities form a partial order (see sumo:PartialOrderingRelation) with the sumo:lessThan relation, since sumo:lessThan is a sumo:RelationExtendedToQuantities and sumo:lessThan is defined over the sumo:RealNumbers. The sumo:lessThan relation is not a total order (see sumo:TotalOrderingRelation) over the class sumo:ConstantQuantity since elements of some subclasses of sumo:ConstantQuantity (such as length quantities) are incomparable to elements of other subclasses of sumo:ConstantQuantity (such as mass quantities). Components of the sumo:AtomicNucleus. They have a positive charge. The sumo:Process by which sumo:Food that has been ingested is broken down into simpler chemical compounds and absorbed by the sumo:Organism. A sumo:ResidentialBuilding which provides temporary accommodations to guests in exchange for money. Time unit. one calendar year. 1 year = 365 days = 31536000 seconds. The sumo:Class of sumo:NormativeAttributes which lack an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. the attribution of these sumo:Attributes varies from subject to subject and even with respect to the same subject over time. This sumo:Class is, generally speaking, only used when mapping external knowledge sources to the SUMO. If a term from such a knowledge source seems to lack objective criteria for its attribution, it is assigned to this sumo:Class. Extracellular material and mixtures of cells and extracellular material that are produced, excreted or accreted by an sumo:Organism. Included here are sumo:Substances such as saliva, dental enamel, sweat, and gastric acid. The value of an angle in a plane. SI absorbed dose measure. Symbol: Gy. It measures the dose of radiation absorbed in living tissue. It is equal approximately to the absorbed dose delivered when the energy per unit mass imparted to matter by ionizing radiation is 1 sumo:Joule per kilogram. sumo:Gray = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2). The sumo:Process of assigning a name to someone or something. A mixture of fine particles suspended in a gas that is produced by sumo:Combustion. A cold-blooded aquatic sumo:Vertebrate characterized by fins and breathing by gills. Included here are sumo:Fish having either a bony skeleton, such as a perch, or a cartilaginous skeleton, such as a shark. Also included are those sumo:Fish lacking a jaw, such as a lamprey or hagfish. A sumo:BinaryRelation is a sumo:TotalOrderingRelation if it is a sumo:PartialOrderingRelation and a sumo:TrichotomizingRelation. Reproductive structure of sumo:Organisms. Consists of an sumo:Embryonic sumo:Object and a nutritive/protective envelope. Note that this class includes seeds, spores, and sumo:FruitOrVegetables, as well as the eggs produced by sumo:Animals. The sumo:Process by which sumo:Food is taken into an sumo:Animal. A currency measure. 1 sumo:UnitedStatesCent is equal to .01 sumo:UnitedStatesDollars. A clinically significant dysfunction whose major manifestation is behavioral or psychological. These dysfunctions may have identified or presumed biological etiologies or manifestations. A sumo:Class of sumo:Arthropods that mainly dwells in water and has a segmented body and a chitinous exoskeleton. Includes lobsters, crabs, shrimp, and barnacles. Any instance of sumo:Giving where the sumo:agent gives something to the sumo:destination which was previously given to the sumo:agent by the sumo:destination, e.g. returing a book that was borrowed from someone. The sumo:Class of relations. There are three kinds of sumo:Relation: sumo:Predicate, sumo:Function, and sumo:List. sumo:Predicates and sumo:Functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples. The difference between these two sumo:Classes is that sumo:Predicates cover formula-forming operators, while sumo:Functions cover term-forming operators. A sumo:List, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple. A sumo:Relation is a sumo:PartialValuedRelation just in case it is not a sumo:TotalValuedRelation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position. Note that, if a sumo:Relation is both a sumo:PartialValuedRelation and a sumo:SingleValuedRelation, then it is a partial function. Soft-bodied sumo:Invertebrate that is usually contained in a shell. Includes oysters, clams, mussels, snails, slugs, octopi, and squid. A Tree is a sumo:DirectedGraph that has no sumo:GraphLoops. The Class of sumo:StationaryArtifacts which are intended to house sumo:Humans and their activities. The sumo:Class of sumo:LinguisticCommunications that effect an institutional alteration when performed by competent authority. Some examples are nominating, marrying, and excommunicating. The sumo:Class of sumo:ChemicalProcesses in which a sumo:CompoundSubstance is formed from simpler reactants. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Impelling where the sumo:patient is a projectile that is fired through the air by means of some sort of sumo:Device. The sumo:Class of sumo:Predicates relating the spatially distinguished parts of a sumo:Process. sumo:CaseRoles include, for example, the sumo:agent, sumo:patient or sumo:destination of an action, the flammable substance in a burning process, or the water that falls in rain. sumo:Speaking that is also sumo:Music. Colors which can be blended to form any color and which cannot be derived from any other colors. A sumo:BinaryRelation is an equivalence relation if it is a sumo:ReflexiveRelation, a sumo:SymmetricRelation, and a sumo:TransitiveRelation. sumo:Election is the class of events conducted by an organization, in which qualified participants vote for officers, adopt resolutions, or settle other issues in that sumo:Organization. A sumo:BiologicallyActiveSubstance required by an sumo:Organism. It is generally ingested as sumo:Food, and it is of primary interest because of its role in the biologic functioning of the sumo:Organism. One sumo:KiloByte (KB) of information. One sumo:KiloByte is 1024 sumo:Bytes. Note that this sense of 'kilo' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. Enumerating something. The sumo:Class of sumo:Calculating sumo:Processes where the aim is to determine the sumo:Number corresponding to the sumo:patient. Any sumo:substance that is the result of an sumo:intentional process, i.e. any substance that is created by sumo:humans. A small, typically one-celled, prokaryotic sumo:Microorganism. Any sumo:Increasing sumo:Process where the sumo:PhysicalQuantity increased is a sumo:TemperatureMeasure. A sumo:DeductiveArgument which is valid, i.e. the set of sumo:premises in fact sumo:entails the sumo:conclusion. A sumo:PermanentResidence which is intended to be the sumo:home of a single sumo:SocialUnit. This class covers sumo:Houses, sumo:ApartmentUnits, and sumo:CondominiumUnits. A sumo:Contest where one participant attempts to physically injure another participant. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve opting for one or more sumo:Entity out of a larger set of sumo:Entities. The sumo:Class of all calendar Fridays. Any of various naturally occurring homogeneous substances (such as stone, coal, salt, sulfur, sand, petroleum), or synthetic substances having the chemical composition and crystalline form and properties of a naturally occurring mineral. English mass unit of slugs. An sumo:Animal which has no spinal column. Any sumo:ReproductiveBody of a sumo:NonFloweringPlant. A specification of a sequence of sumo:Processes which is intended to satisfy a specified purpose at some future time. Any sumo:Process that is carried out by a military organization. Note that this class covers sumo:Processes, e.g. military operations, that are the result of careful planning, as well as those which are unscripted. Measures of the amount of information. Includes sumo:Bit, sumo:Byte, and multiples of these, e.g. sumo:KiloByte and sumo:MegaByte. One sumo:Byte of information. A sumo:Byte is eight sumo:Bits. A sumo:ViolentContest between two or more military units within the context of a war. Note that this does not cover the metaphorical sense of 'battle', which simply means a struggle of some sort. This sense should be represented with the more general concept of sumo:Contest. A sumo:Disseminating whose purpose is to promote the sale of an sumo:Object represented in a sumo:Text or sumo:Icon (the advertisement). A sumo:Certificate that expresses the content of an invention that has been accorded legal protection by a governemental entity. Noncompositional parts of sumo:Graphs. These parts are restricted to sumo:GraphNodes and sumo:GraphArcs. A group of people who all have the same sumo:home. The place where two sumo:BodyParts meet or connect. A sumo:ColdBloodedVertebrate having an external covering of scales or horny plates. sumo:Reptiles breathe by means of sumo:Lungs and generally lay eggs. Corresponds roughly to the class of ordinary objects. Examples include normal physical objects, geographical regions, and locations of sumo:Processes, the complement of sumo:Objects in the sumo:Physical class. In a 4D ontology, an sumo:Object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis. A sumo:SetOrClass that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory. sumo:Sets differ from sumo:Classes in two important respects. First, sumo:Sets are extensional - two sumo:Sets with the same sumo:elements are identical. Second, a sumo:Set can be an arbitrary stock of objects. That is, there is no requirement that sumo:Sets have an associated condition that determines their membership. Note that sumo:Sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. sumo:elements of a sumo:Set may occur more than once in the sumo:Set. The sumo:Class of sumo:Relations that are spatial in a wide sense. This sumo:Class includes mereological relations and topological relations. Any sumo:GeographicArea which is associated with some sort of political structure. This class includes sumo:Lands, sumo:Cities, districts of cities, counties, etc. Note that the identity of a sumo:GeopoliticalArea may remain constant after a change in borders. An sumo:Organization that has a special legal status that allows a group of persons to act as a sumo:CommercialAgent and that insulates the owners (shareholders) from many liabilities that might result from the corporation's operation. The sumo:Class of sumo:Putting processes where the sumo:agent covers the sumo:patient, either completely or only partially, with something else. Any sumo:SetOrClass that contains no instances. Administrative subdivisions of a sumo:Nation that are broader than any other political subdivisions that may exist. This sumo:Class includes the states of the United States, as well as the provinces of Canada and European countries. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is a sumo:TrichotomizingRelation just in case all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are elements of ?REL. The sumo:Class of sumo:Functions that require two arguments. SI electric current measure. Symbol: A. It is one of the base units in SI. It is defined as follows: the sumo:Ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 sumo:Meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2*10^(-7) sumo:Newton per sumo:Meter of length. The sumo:Class of sumo:Functions that require exactly four arguments. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are August. sumo:Inserting a sumo:BiologicallyActiveSubstance into an sumo:Animal or a sumo:Human with a syringe. The subclass of sumo:PositionalAttributes that concern compass directions. A sumo:RelationExtendedToQuantities is a sumo:Relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are sumo:RealNumbers, it is also true on a sequence of sumo:ConstantQuantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure. For example, the sumo:lessThan relation is extended to quantities. This means that for all pairs of quantities ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2, (lessThan ?QUANTITY1 ?QUANTITY2) if and only if, for some ?NUMBER1, ?NUMBER2, and ?UNIT, ?QUANTITY1 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER1 ?UNIT), ?QUANTITY2 = (MeasureFn ?NUMBER2 ?UNIT), and (lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2), for all units ?UNIT on which ?QUANTITY1 and ?QUANTITY2 can be measured. Note that, when a sumo:RelationExtendedToQuantities is extended from sumo:RealNumbers to sumo:ConstantQuantities, the sumo:ConstantQuantities must be measured along the same physical dimension. A complex sumo:Protein that is produced by living cells and which catalyzes specific biochemical reactions. There are six main types of enzymes: oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. sumo:Roadway is the subclass of sumo:LandTransitways that are areas intended for surface travel by self-powered, wheeled vehicles, excluding those that travel on tracks. sumo:Roadways have been at least minimally improved to enable the passage of vehicles. sumo:Roadways include dirt and gravelled roads, paved streets, and expressways. The fertilized or unfertilized female sumo:ReproductiveBody of an sumo:Animal. This includes sumo:Bird and sumo:Reptile eggs, as well as mammalian ova. The sumo:Class of quadruped sumo:Mammals with hooves. Includes horses, cows, sheep, pigs, antelope, etc. 1 Intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages. Examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like sumo:Pursuing and sumo:Reading, and biological processes. The formal definition is: anything that lasts for a time but is not an sumo:Object. Note that a sumo:Process may have participants 'inside' it which are sumo:Objects, such as the players in a football match. In a 4D ontology, a sumo:Process is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into temporal stages roughly perpendicular to the time-axis. A sumo:UnaryConstantFunction of continuous time. All instances of this sumo:Class map a time quantity into another sumo:ConstantQuantity such as temperature. For example, 'the temperature at the top of the Empire State Building' is a sumo:TimeDependentQuantity since its value depends on the time. sumo:Motion from one point to another by means of a sumo:TransportationDevice. Rigid sumo:Tissue composed largely of calcium that makes up the skeleton of sumo:Vertebrates. Note that this sumo:Class also includes teeth. The sumo:Class of sumo:Mammals with one or two pairs of incisors for gnawing. Includes rats, mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Measures of the amount of space in two dimensions. A sumo:Group whose sumo:members originate from the same sumo:GeographicArea or share the same sumo:Language and/or cultural practices. Any sumo:Process of movement. 1 An sumo:Organization whose members share a set of religious beliefs. A sumo:Text that confers a right or obligation on the holder of the sumo:Certificate. Note that the right or obligation need not be a legal one, as in the case of an academic diploma that grants certain privileges in the professional world. sumo:Vertebrates whose body temperature is not internally regulated. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are July. A sumo:Phrase that has the same function as a sumo:Noun. Instances of this sumo:Class express a state of the sumo:agent. For example, Jane thanked Barbara for the present she had given her. The thanking in this case expresses the gratitude of Jane towards Barbara. Note that sumo:Expressing, unlike the other speech act types, is not a subclass of sumo:LinguisticCommunication. This is because emotions, for example, can be expressed without language, e.g. by smiling. An sumo:Integer that is greater than or equal to zero. A sumo:Maneuver in a sumo:ViolentContest where the sumo:agent attempts to avoid being damaged. The fertilized or unfertilized female sumo:ReproductiveBody of a sumo:FloweringPlant. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Process in which something is created. Note that the thing created is specified with the sumo:result sumo:CaseRole. A sumo:FinancialTransaction where an instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for the possibility of winning a larger instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure within the context of some sort of sumo:Game. The sumo:Class of sumo:Mammals which have a pouch for their young. An sumo:Organization that is a sumo:Government, a sumo:subOrganization of a sumo:Government, or an sumo:Organization that is attempting to bring about some sort of political change. A topographic location. sumo:Regions encompass surfaces of sumo:Objects, imaginary places, and sumo:GeographicAreas. Note that a sumo:Region is the only kind of sumo:Object which can be located at itself. Note too that sumo:Region is not a subclass of sumo:SelfConnectedObject, because some sumo:Regions, e.g. archipelagos, have sumo:parts which are not sumo:connected with one another. A physiologic function of the sumo:Organism as a whole, of multiple organ systems or of multiple sumo:Organs or sumo:Tissues. Any sumo:Process which is intended to result in sumo:Learning. Sensing some aspect of the material world. Note that the sumo:agent of this sensing is assumed to be an sumo:Animal. A somewhat independent sumo:BodyPart that performs a specialized function. Note that this functional definition covers bodily systems, e.g. the digestive system or the central nervous system. A sumo:SelfConnectedObject is any sumo:Object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts. sumo:Propositions are sumo:Abstract entities that express a complete thought or a set of such thoughts. As an example, the formula '(instance Yojo Cat)' expresses the sumo:Proposition that the entity named Yojo is an element of the sumo:Class of Cats. Note that propositions are not restricted to the content expressed by individual sentences of a sumo:Language. They may encompass the content expressed by theories, books, and even whole libraries. It is important to distinguish sumo:Propositions from the sumo:ContentBearingObjects that express them. A sumo:Proposition is a piece of information, e.g. that the cat is on the mat, but a sumo:ContentBearingObject is an sumo:Object that represents this information. A sumo:Proposition is an abstraction that may have multiple representations: strings, sounds, icons, etc. For example, the sumo:Proposition that the cat is on the mat is represented here as a string of graphical characters displayed on a monitor and/or printed on paper, but it can be represented by a sequence of sounds or by some non-latin alphabet or by some cryptographic form A class containing all of the sumo:attributes relating to objective, qualitative assessments of probability, e.g. sumo:Likely and sumo:Unlikely. English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a sumo:Quart. Any sumo:QuantityChange where the sumo:PhysicalQuantity is decreased. A sumo:Predicate is a sentence-forming sumo:Relation. Each tuple in the sumo:Relation is a finite, ordered sequence of objects. The fact that a particular tuple is an element of a sumo:Predicate is denoted by '(*predicate* arg_1 arg_2 .. arg_n)', where the arg_i are the objects so related. In the case of sumo:BinaryPredicates, the fact can be read as `arg_1 is *predicate* arg_2' or `a *predicate* of arg_1 is arg_2'. A system of signs for expressing thought. The system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people. A sumo:Process that is carried out for the purpose of recreation or exercise. Since sumo:RecreationOrExercise is a subclass of sumo:IntentionalProcess, the intent of a process determines whether or not it is an instance of the class. Hence, if John and Bill watch the same program on television, and John watches it to relax while Bill watches it solely to satisfy an educational requirement, then John's watching the movie is an instance of sumo:RecreationOrExercise, while Bill's is not (both cases of watching the television program would however be in the class of sumo:Seeing, since being an instance of this latter class is not determined by intention). English pound of force. The conversion factor depends on the local value of the acceleration of free fall. A mean value is used in the conversion axiom associated with this constant. The sumo:Class of sumo:Calculating sumo:Processes where the aim is to determine the sumo:PhysicalQuantity of some aspect of the sumo:patient. A request for information. For example, John asked Bill if the President had said anything about taxes in his State of the Union address. A sumo:TemperatureMeasure that is commonly used in the United States. On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 sumo:FahrenheitDegrees, and the boiling point of water is 212 sumo:FahrenheitDegrees. The sumo:Process of dying. SI power measure. Symbol: W. A sumo:UnitOfMeasure that measures power, i.e. energy produced or expended divided by sumo:TimeDuration. It is the power which gives rise to the production of energy (or work) at the rate of one sumo:Joule per sumo:SecondDuration. sumo:Watt = J/s = m^2*kg*s^(-3). Any sumo:TherapeuticProcess that involves making an incision in the sumo:Animal that is the sumo:patient of the sumo:TherapeuticProcess. A sumo:Series whose elements are published separately and on a periodic basis. The sumo:subclass of sumo:HumanLanguages which are not designed and which evolve from generation to generation. This sumo:Class includes all of the national languages, e.g. English, Spanish, Japanese, etc. Note that this class includes dialects of natural languages. sumo:Attributes that characterize the mental or behavioral life of an sumo:Organism. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are May. An element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc. Note that a sumo:Character may or may not be part of a sumo:Language. sumo:Character is a subclass of sumo:SymbolicString, because every instance of sumo:Character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is symmetric just in case (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) imples (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. The class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses where the sumo:agent attempts to obtain information (i.e. a sumo:Proposition denoted by a sumo:Formula). One sumo:MegaByte (MB) of information. One sumo:MegaByte is 1024 sumo:KiloBytes. Note that this sense of 'mega' is different from the one accepted in the SI system. Any sumo:Touching where something comes into sudden, forceful, physical contact with something else. Some examples would be striking, knocking, whipping etc. The subclass of sumo:Committing in which a sumo:CognitiveAgent offers something sumo:Physical to another agent. Offerings may be unconditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a sumo:UnilateralGiving) or conditional (in which case they are a promise to effect a sumo:Transaction of some sort). One of the seven largest land masses on earth, viz. Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, Asia, and Oceania (also known by the sumo:Nation which is coextensive with the sumo:Continent - Australia). Any instance of sumo:RadiatingSound where the sumo:instrument is the sumo:Human vocal cords. This covers grunts, screams, roars, as well as sumo:Speaking. The sumo:Class of sumo:NormativeAttributes that are associated with an objective criterion for their attribution, i.e. there is broad consensus about the cases where these attributes are applicable. sumo:Graphs are comprised of sumo:GraphNodes and sumo:GraphArcs. Every sumo:GraphArc links two sumo:GraphNodes. SI electric conductance measure. Symbol: S. In the case of direct current, the conductance in sumo:Siemens is the reciprocal of the resistance in sumo:Ohms; in the case of alternating current, it is the reciprocal of the impedance in ohms. siemens = A/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^(3)*A^2. The sumo:Making of an sumo:instance of sumo:Food. An sumo:Artifact that is produced by sumo:Manufacture and that is intended to be sold. The sumo:subclass of sumo:ChangeOfPossession where the sumo:agent gives the sumo:destination something. 1 1 The sumo:Class of all sumo:Attributes that specify the position or status of a sumo:CognitiveAgent within an sumo:Organization or other sumo:Group. SI luminosity intensity measure. Symbol: cd. It is one of the base units in SI, and it is currently defined as follows: the sumo:Candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540*10^12 sumo:Hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 sumo:Watt per sumo:Steradian. The sumo:ElectronVolt is an energy measure. Symbol: eV. It is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 sumo:Volt in a vacuum. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Damagings in which the sumo:patient (or an essential element of the sumo:patient) is destroyed. Note that the difference between this concept and its superclass is solely one of extent. A sumo:BinaryRelation is a partial ordering if it is a sumo:ReflexiveRelation, an sumo:AntisymmetricRelation, and a sumo:TransitiveRelation. sumo:Transfer from one point to another by means of an sumo:Animal or sumo:Human. The sumo:Class of sumo:Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, slim bodies, and rounded heads. Any instance of sumo:detaching which results in a situation where it is not the case that the sumo:agent sumo:grasps something which he/she sumo:grasps previously. Any instance of sumo:Currency that is made of paper. An sumo:Argument which is inductive, i.e. it is claimed that a set of specific cases makes the sumo:conclusion, which generalizes these cases, more likely to be true. SI pressure measure. Symbol:Pa. It is the pressure of one sumo:Newton per square sumo:Meter. sumo:Pascal = N/m^2 = m^(-1)*kg*s^(-2). A sumo:FinancialTransaction in which an instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for an instance of sumo:Physical. Nonrigid sumo:Tissue appearing only in sumo:Animals and composed largely of contractile cells. A currency measure. 1 sumo:EuroCent is equal to .01 sumo:EuroDollars. SI solid angle measure. Symbol: sr. It is the solid angle of a sphere subtended by a portion of the surface whose area is equal to the square of the sphere's radius. Another definition is: the solid angle which, having its vertex in the center of the sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere. sumo:Steradian = m^2/m^2 = 1. An area which is predominantly solid ground, e.g. a sumo:Nation, a mountain, a desert, etc. Note that a sumo:LandArea may contain some relatively small sumo:WaterAreas. For example, Australia is a sumo:LandArea even though it contains various rivers and lakes. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are October. A sumo:TemperatureMeasure. The freezing point and the boiling point of water are, respectively, 0 sumo:CelsiusDegrees and 100 sumo:CelsiusDegrees. The sumo:Class of sumo:Predicates that require four arguments. A body which is made up predominantly of water, e.g. rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Instances of this sumo:Class urge some further action among the receivers. A sumo:Directing can be an sumo:Ordering, a sumo:Requesting or a sumo:Questioning. A sumo:properPart of a sumo:Building which is separated from the exterior of the sumo:Building and/or other sumo:Rooms of the sumo:Building by walls. Some sumo:Rooms may have a specific purpose, e.g. sleeping, bathing, cooking, entertainment, etc. sumo:QuaternaryRelations relate four items. The two sumo:subclasses of sumo:QuaternaryRelation are sumo:QuaternaryPredicate and sumo:TernaryFunction. The sumo:Class of all calendar Thursdays. A sumo:GraphPath that begins (see sumo:BeginNodeFn) and ends (see sumo:EndNodeFn) at the same sumo:GraphNode. Any sumo:BodyMotion which is accomplished by means of the legs of an sumo:Animal for the purpose of moving from one point to another. The stage of an organism when it has reached the end of its growth phase. Measures of the amount of space in three dimensions. Any sumo:TwoDimensionalAngle that has the sumo:angularMeasure of 90 sumo:AngularDegrees. Any sumo:Group whose sumo:members are exclusively sumo:Humans. A sumo:Number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are sumo:RealNumbers and i is the square root of -1. A sumo:Nutrient present in natural products or made synthetically, which is essential in the diet of sumo:Humans and other higher sumo:Animals. Included here are sumo:Vitamin precursors and provitamins. The value of an angle in a solid. The sumo:Class of sumo:Mammals that dwell chiefly in the water. Includes whales, dolphins, manatees, seals, and walruses. A measure of how many things there are, or how much there is, of a certain kind. sumo:Numbers are subclassed into sumo:RealNumber, sumo:ComplexNumber, and sumo:ImaginaryNumber. Collections have sumo:members like sumo:Classes, but, unlike sumo:Classes, they have a position in space-time and sumo:members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the sumo:Collection. Some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep. An sumo:OrganizationalProcess that is carried out within or by a sumo:ReligiousOrganization. The sumo:Class of sumo:Removing processes where the sumo:agent uncovers the sumo:patient, either completely or only partially. The sumo:Class of sumo:Attributes that denote emotional states of sumo:Organisms. A sumo:Group whose sumo:members share a belief or set of beliefs. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are March. A sumo:subclass of sumo:IntentionalProcess in which content is modified, its form is altered or it is created anew. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are February. The sumo:Class of temporal sumo:Relations. This sumo:Class includes notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension. A sumo:LiquidMixture where at least one of the components of the sumo:mixture is equally distributed throughout the sumo:mixture but is not dissolved in it. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where an sumo:Object is heated and converted from a sumo:Liquid to a sumo:Gas. An sumo:Organ that removes sumo:Substances from the sumo:Blood, alters them in some way, and then releases them. sumo:Artifacts that are created primarily for aesthetic appreciation. Note that this sumo:Class does not include most examples of architecture, which belong under sumo:StationaryArtifact. Time unit. 1 day = 24 hours. A normal process of an sumo:Organism or part of an sumo:Organism. sumo:Attributes that indicate the sex of an sumo:Organism. Any sumo:BodyMotion, e.g. a hand wave, a nod of the head, a smile, which expresses a sumo:StateOfMind. Any sumo:Motion of sumo:Air. Any instance of sumo:Giving where the sumo:patient is an instance of sumo:Currency. Note that this class covers both sumo:FinancialTransactions, e.g. where a firm funds a software company with venture capital with the agreement that a certain percentage of the profits on the investment will be returned to the firm, and instances of sumo:UnilateralGiving, e.g. a stipend provided to a student as part of scholarship or fellowship. sumo:Ambulating relatively slowly, i.e. moving in such a way that at least one foot is always in contact with the ground. Any sumo:IntentionalProcess where the sumo:agent tries to direct the movements of another sumo:Object, whether an sumo:Agent or not. Processes in which some form of electromagnetic radiation, e.g. radio waves, light waves, electrical energy, etc., is given off or absorbed by something else. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Perception in which the sensing is done by an ocular sumo:Organ. NOTE: domainSubclass materaial 1 Substance -- class as domain. An sumo:Object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect. More precisely, something is a sumo:Substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any parts have properties which are similar to those of the whole. Note that a sumo:Substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary. For example, the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another. An example would be a body of water. Releasing atomic energy, i.e. energy from a nuclear reaction. SI frequency measure. Symbol: Hz. It is the number of cycles per second. sumo:Hertz = s^(-1). Note that sumo:Hertz does not have a conversion function. A sumo:ChemicalProcess occurs whenever chemical compounds (sumo:CompoundSubstances) are formed or decomposed. For example, reactants disappear as chemical change occurs, and products appear as chemical change occurs. In a chemical change a chemical reaction takes place. Catalysts in a sumo:ChemicalProcess may speed up the reaction, but aren't themselves produced or consumed. Examples: rusting of iron and the decomposition of water, induced by an electric current, to gaseous hydrogen and gaseous oxygen. A collection of sumo:Cells and sumo:Tissues which are localized to a specific area of an sumo:Organism and which are not pathological. The instances of this sumo:Class range from gross structures to small components of complex sumo:Organs. Any tube-like structure which occurs naturally in an sumo:Organism and through which a sumo:BodySubstance can circulate. A sequence-dependent specification. Some examples are sumo:ComputerPrograms, finite-state machines, cooking recipes, musical scores, conference schedules, driving directions, and the scripts of plays and movies. SI plane angle measure. Symbol: rad. It is the angle of a circle subtended by an arc equal in length to the circle's radius. Another definition is: the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius. sumo:Radian = m/m = 1. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Getting sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent gets something for a limited period of time with the expectation that it will be returned later (perhaps with interest). Any sumo:BodyPart which is a covering of another sumo:BodyPart or of an entire sumo:Organism. This would include the rinds of sumo:FruitOrVegetables and the skins of sumo:Animals. The class of zero-dimensional sumo:GeometricFigures, i.e. the class of sumo:GeometricFigures that have position but lack extension in any dimension. An intentional move or play within a sumo:Contest. In many cases, a sumo:Maneuver is a realization of part of a strategy for winning the sumo:Contest, but it also may be just an arbitrary or semi-arbitrary division of the overarching sumo:Contest, e.g. innings in a baseball game. sumo:OrganizationalProcesses that involve overseeing the activities of others. Note the key differences between sumo:RegulatoryProcess and its sibling sumo:Managing. The latter implies a long-term relationship between the manager and the managed, while the former implies a normative standard to which the activities of the regulated are referred. Any InternalChange where a PhysicalQuantity associated with the patient is altered. A sumo:ClosedTwoDimensionalFigure that is composed exclusively of straight lines, i.e. sumo:OneDimensionalFigures. A sumo:Poisoning is caused by an external substance. Since sumo:Poisoning is not possible without some biologic function which affects the sumo:Organism being injured, it is a subclass of sumo:BiologicalProcess. A sumo:SentientAgent with responsibilities and the ability to reason, deliberate, make plans, etc. This is essentially the legal/ethical notion of a person. Note that, although sumo:Human is a subclass of sumo:CognitiveAgent, there may be instances of sumo:CognitiveAgent which are not also instances of sumo:Human. For example, chimpanzees, gorillas, dolphins, whales, and some extraterrestrials (if they exist) may be sumo:CognitiveAgents. sumo:Air is the gaseous stuff that makes up the atmosphere surrounding Earth. Any sumo:Attribute whose presence is detected by an act of sumo:Perception. The class of sumo:GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along two dimensions, viz. plane figures like circles and polygons. Any sumo:TimePoint or sumo:TimeInterval along the universal timeline from sumo:NegativeInfinity to sumo:PositiveInfinity. The sumo:subclass of sumo:SocialInteraction where the participants involved work together for the achievement of a common goal. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where something is taken away from a location. Note that the thing removed and the location are specified with the sumo:CaseRoles sumo:patient and sumo:origin, respectively. 1 A sumo:RealNumber that is greater than zero. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent keeps something in a particular location for an extended period of time. An sumo:Organization is a corporate or similar institution. The sumo:members of an sumo:Organization typically have a common purpose or function. Note that this class also covers divisions, departments, etc. of organizations. For example, both the Shell Corporation and the accounting department at Shell would both be instances of sumo:Organization. Note too that the existence of an sumo:Organization is dependent on the existence of at least one sumo:member (since sumo:Organization is a subclass of sumo:Collection). Accordingly, in cases of purely legal organizations, a fictitious sumo:member should be assumed. The sumo:Class of all calendar Tuesdays. A sumo:Function is a term-forming sumo:Relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element. Note that the range is a sumo:SetOrClass, and each element of the range is an instance of the sumo:SetOrClass. An interval of time. Note that a sumo:TimeInterval has both an extent and a location on the universal timeline. Note too that a sumo:TimeInterval has no gaps, i.e. this class contains only convex time intervals. Instances of this sumo:Class commit the sumo:agent to some future course. For example, Bob promised Susan that he would be home by 11pm. A sumo:Residence where people live, i.e. where people have a sumo:home. The sumo:Class of sumo:ConstantQuantities relating to the amount of matter in an sumo:Object. The sumo:Class of all calendar weeks. A sumo:Relation is a sumo:TotalValuedRelation just in case there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the sumo:Relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one. Note that declaring a sumo:Relation to be both a sumo:TotalValuedRelation and a sumo:SingleValuedRelation means that it is a total function. The sumo:Class of sumo:Predicates that require five arguments. One sumo:Bit of information. A one or a zero. A sumo:Process embodied in an sumo:Organism. A set of instructions in a computer programming language that can be executed by a computer. Specifying a set of actions in order to meet a set of goals or objectives. sumo:AnatomicalStructures that are possessed exclusively by sumo:Animals. A set of sumo:Words in a sumo:Language which form a unit, i.e. express a meaning in the sumo:Language. sumo:BodySubstances that are produced exclusively by sumo:Plants. A sumo:Class of sumo:Arthropods that includes centipedes and millipedes. An sumo:Agent that has rights but may or may not have responsibilities and the ability to reason. If the latter are present, then the sumo:Agent is also an instance of sumo:CognitiveAgent. Domesticated animals are an example of sumo:SentientAgents that are not also sumo:CognitiveAgents. Any sumo:FinancialTransaction by a sumo:CommercialAgent where the aim is to produce a profit. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. sumo:MassMeasure that is also known as the gram-atom. Defined as the mass in grams of 1 sumo:Mole of pure substance. For example, 1 sumo:AtomGram of Carbon 12 will be 12 sumo:Grams of pure Carbon 12. 2 sumo:AtomGrams of the same substance will be 24 sumo:Grams of it. This is an unusual unit in that it is essentially 1 sumo:Mole of 'stuff' measured in grams, so that the actual value (i.e. mass) depends on the type of substance. Any sumo:Attribute that an sumo:Entity has by virtue of a relationship that it bears to another sumo:Entity or set of sumo:Entities, e.g. sumo:SocialRoles and sumo:PositionalAttributes. A sumo:Process where a sumo:Substance is separated into (some of) its sumo:pieces. sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the consideration and/or manipulation of instances of sumo:Quantity. A sumo:Vertebrate having a constant body temperature and characterized by the presence of hair, mammary glands, and sweat glands. A relatively narrow sumo:WaterArea where the water flows constantly and in the same direction, e.g. a river, a stream, etc. SI inductance measure. Symbol: H. One sumo:Henry is equivalent to one sumo:Volt divided by one sumo:Ampere per sumo:SecondDuration. If a current changing at the rate of one sumo:Ampere per sumo:SecondDuration induces an electromotive force of one sumo:Volt, the circuit has an inductance of one sumo:Henry. sumo:Henry = Wb/A = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-2). A sumo:NonFloweringPlant without true roots and little if any vascular tissue. English length unit of inches. The sumo:Class of sumo:PureSubstances that cannot be separated into two or more sumo:Substances by ordinary chemical (or physical) means. This excludes nuclear reactions. sumo:ElementalSubstances are composed of only one kind of atom. Examples: Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). sumo:ElementalSubstances are the simplest sumo:PureSubstances. A sumo:Plant that reproduces with spores and does not produce flowers. A sumo:Mixture is two or more sumo:PureSubstances, combined in varying proportions - each retaining its own specific properties. The components of a sumo:Mixture can be separated by physical means, i.e. without the making and breaking of chemical bonds. Examples: Air, table salt thoroughly dissolved in water, milk, wood, and concrete. 1 A sumo:SocialInteraction that involves the transfer of information between two or more sumo:CognitiveAgents. Note that sumo:Communication is closely related to, but essentially different from, sumo:ContentDevelopment. The latter involves the creation or modification of a sumo:ContentBearingObject, while sumo:Communication is the transfer of information for the purpose of conveying a message. The class sumo:StateOfMind is distinguished from its complement sumo:TraitAttribute by the fact that instances of the former are transient while instances of the latter are persistent features of a creature's behavioral/psychological make-up. Converting a document or message that has previously been encoded (see sumo:Encoding) into a sumo:Language that can be understood by a relatively large number of speakers. Any sumo:Process where a sumo:CognitiveAgent seeks to obtain something through a court of law. A formal position of reponsibility within an sumo:Organization. Examples of sumo:Positions include president, laboratory director, senior researcher, sales representative, etc. The sumo:Class of pseudographs. A pseudograph is a sumo:Graph containing at least one sumo:GraphLoop. A decision issued by a court with respect to a sumo:LegalAction. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes which relate to the acquisition of information. Atomic mass unit. Symbol: u. It is the mass of the twelfth part of an atom of the Carbon 12 isotope. sumo:Machines are sumo:Devices that that have a well-defined sumo:resource and sumo:result and that automatically convert the sumo:resource into the sumo:result. SI luminous flux measure. Symbol: lm. It is the amount streaming outward through one solid angle of 1 sumo:Steradian from a uniform point source having an intensity of one sumo:Candela. sumo:Lumen = cd*sr = cd * 1. SI capacitance measure. Symbol: F. It is the capacitance of a capacitator between the plates of which there appears a difference of potential of 1 sumo:Volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 Coulomb. sumo:Farad = C/V = m^(-2)*kg(-1)*s^4*A^2. The sumo:Process of being born. An element of living cells and a source of energy for sumo:Animals. This class includes both simple sumo:Carbohydrates, i.e. sugars, and complex sumo:Carbohydrates, i.e. starches. A sumo:Class of sumo:Invertebrate that includes sumo:Arachnids and sumo:Insects. A sumo:SelfConnectedObject whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are January. Any deliberate and controlled sumo:BodyMotion through water that is accomplished by an sumo:Organism. The class of all geometric figures, i.e. the class of all abstract, spatial representations. The instances of this class are sumo:GeometricPoints, sumo:TwoDimensionalFigures or sumo:ThreeDimensionalFigures. sumo:JudicialOrganization is the class of sumo:Organizations whose primary purpose is to render judgments according to the statutes or regulations of a government or other organization. Judicial bodies are not necessarily government organizations, for example, those associated with sporting associations. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent cares for or maintains the sumo:Object. The sumo:Process of changing the shape of an sumo:Object. The sumo:Class of flesh-eating sumo:Mammals. Members of this sumo:Class typically have four or five claws on each paw. Includes cats, dogs, bears, racoons, and skunks. A sumo:LandArea that is completely surrounded by a sumo:WaterArea. A sumo:Class of sumo:Attributes that specify, in a qualitative manner, the extent of the presence of one kind of sumo:Object in another kind of sumo:Object. A sumo:SetOrClass is a sumo:PairwiseDisjointClass just in case every instance of the sumo:SetOrClass is either sumo:equal to or sumo:disjoint from every other instance of the sumo:SetOrClass. An sumo:Attribute which is used to specify coordinates in which time measures are uniform, i.e. all time devices are synchronized to the same sumo:TimePositions. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. A sumo:Group whose sumo:members all have the same sumo:age. The sumo:Process by which liquid sumo:Food, i.e. sumo:Beverages, are incorporated into an sumo:Animal. sumo:Relation ?REL is irreflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) sumo:holds for no value of ?INST. An sumo:Organism having cellulose cell walls, growing by synthesis of sumo:Substances, generally distinguished by the presence of chlorophyll, and lacking the power of locomotion. sumo:GovernmentOrganization is the class of official sumo:Organizations that are concerned with the government of a sumo:GeopoliticalArea at some level. They may be a sumo:Government or the sumo:subOrganization of a government. Living This sumo:Attribute applies to sumo:Organisms that are alive. This sumo:Attribute applies to sumo:Organisms that are not alive. Dead sumo:Attributes that indicate whether an sumo:Organism is alive or not. A sumo:Text consisting of multiple self-contained units. Some examples are an encyclopedia containing a couple dozen volumes, a television series made up of many episodes, a film serial, etc. The sumo:OrganizationalProcess of graduating from an sumo:EducationalOrganization. The sumo:Class of all clock sumo:Seconds. The class of sumo:ClosedTwoDimensionalFigures such that all sumo:GeometricPoints that make up the sumo:Circle are equidistant from a single sumo:GeometricPoint, known as the center of the sumo:Circle. 1 A sumo:LandArea of relatively small size, inhabited by a community of people, and having some sort of political structure. Note that this class includes both large cities and small settlements like towns, villages, hamlets, etc. Unit of volume commonly used in the United Kingdom. Every sumo:List is a particular ordered n-tuple of items. Generally speaking, sumo:Lists are created by means of the sumo:ListFn sumo:Function, which takes any number of items as arguments and returns a sumo:List with the items in the same order. Anything, including other sumo:Lists, may be an item in a sumo:List. Note too that sumo:Lists are extensional - two lists that have the same items in the same order are identical. Note too that a sumo:List may contain no items. In that case, the sumo:List is the sumo:NullList. The sumo:Class of sumo:Functions that require a single argument. sumo:Graphs are comprised of sumo:GraphNodes and sumo:GraphArcs. Every sumo:GraphNode is linked by a sumo:GraphArc. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where the sumo:agent brings about a situation where the sumo:patient no longer functions normally or as intended. The sumo:Class of all clock sumo:Hours. A sumo:Building which provides some accommodation for sleeping. Note that this class does not cover just permanent residences, e.g. sumo:Houses and condominium and apartment buildings, but also temporary residences, e.g. hotels and dormitories. sumo:ResidentialBuildings are also distinguished from sumo:CommercialBuildings, which are intended to serve an organizational rather than a residential function. The sumo:Class of sumo:Predicates that require exactly three arguments. A sumo:Communication that involves the transfer of information via a sumo:LinguisticExpression. SI energy measure. Symbol: J. It is the work done when the point of application of 1 sumo:Newton is displaced a distance of 1 sumo:Meter in the direction of the force. sumo:Joule = N*m = m^2*kg*s^(-2). Any sumo:Transfer where two sumo:Objects are brought into immediate physical contact with one another. A hole is an immaterial body located at the surface of an sumo:Object. Since every sumo:Hole is ontologically dependent on its host (i.e., the object in which it is a hole), being a sumo:Hole is defined as being a sumo:hole in something. Note that two sumo:Holes may occupy the same region, or part of the same region, without sharing any parts. Any sumo:instance of sumo:Translocation where the sumo:agent and the sumo:patient are not the same thing. sumo:&MilitaryForce is the subclass of sumo:organizations that are organized along military lines and for the purpose of either defensive or offensive combat, whether or not the force is an official sumo:GovernmentOrganization. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are December. The sumo:Class of sumo:ConstantQuantities relating to length. A liquid mixture. The most abundant component in a solution is called the solvent. Other components are called solutes. A solution, though homogeneous, may nonetheless have variable composition. Any amount of salt, up to a maximum limit, can be dissolved in a given amount of water. The sumo:Class of all calendar Saturdays. An sumo:EngineeringConnection is an sumo:EngineeringComponent that represents a connection relationship between two other sumo:EngineeringComponents. It is a reification of thesumo:Predicate sumo:connectedEngineeringComponents. That means that whenever this sumo:Predicate holds between two sumo:EngineeringComponents, there exists an sumo:EngineeringConnection. The practical reason for reifying a relationship is to be able to attach other information about it. For example, one might want to say that a particular connection is associated with some shared parameters, or that it is of a particular type. sumo:EngineeringConnections are sumo:EngineeringComponents and can therefore be an sumo:engineeringSubcomponent of other sumo:EngineeringComponents. However, to provide for modular regularity in component systems, sumo:EngineeringConnections cannot be connected. For each pair of sumo:EngineeringComponents related by sumo:connectedEngineeringComponents, there exists at least one sumo:EngineeringConnection. However, that object may not be unique, and the same sumo:EngineeringConnection may be associated with several pairs of sumo:EngineeringComponents. A sumo:Game which requires some degree of physical exercion from the participants of the game. The universal class of individuals. This is the root node of the ontology. A sumo:BinaryRelation is asymmetric only if it is both an sumo:AntisymmetricRelation and an sumo:IrreflexiveRelation. An sumo:Argument where the conclusion is an observed fact and the premises are other facts which collectively imply the conclusion. Note that this is the they hypothetico-deductive model of explanation. Generally, a living individual, including all sumo:Plants and sumo:Animals. 1 sumo:Vertebrates whose body temperature is internally regulated. An academic or applied discipline with recognized experts and with a core of accepted theory or practice. Note that sumo:FieldOfStudy is a sumo:subclass of sumo:Proposition, because a sumo:FieldOfStudy is understood to be a body of abstract, informational content, with varying degrees of certainty attached to each element of this content. The sumo:Class of sumo:Transfers where one thing is replaced with something else. A sumo:CorpuscularObject that is the product of a sumo:Making. Any instance of sumo:Getting that is not part of a sumo:Transaction. In other words, any instance of sumo:Getting where nothing is given in return. Some examples of sumo:UnilateralGetting are: appropriating, commandeering, stealing, etc. An extensionless point on the universal timeline. The sumo:TimePoints at which sumo:Processes occur can be known with various degrees of precision and approximation, but conceptually sumo:TimePoints are point-like and not interval-like. That is, it doesn't make sense to talk about how long a sumo:TimePoint lasts. SI illuminance measure. Symbol: lx. It is the amount of illumination provided when one sumo:Lumen is evenly distributed over an area of 1 square sumo:Meter. This is also equivalent to the illumination that would exist on a surface all points of which are one sumo:Meter from a point source of one sumo:Candela. sumo:Lux = lm/m^2 = m^(-2)*cd. An sumo:Integer that is less than zero. A powder produced by sumo:FloweringPlants that contains male gametes and is capable of fertilizing the seeds of sumo:FloweringPlants of the same species. Unit of volume in the metric system. It is currently defined to be equal to one cubic decimeter (0.001 cubic meter). Symbol: l. Measures of temperature. In scientific circles, the temperature of something is understood as the average velocity of the atoms or molecules that make up the thing. sumo:SubatomicParticles that surround the sumo:AtomicNucleus. They have a negative charge. A sumo:Relation is a sumo:SingleValuedRelation just in case an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position. Note that not all sumo:SingleValuedRelations are sumo:TotalValuedRelations. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where ownership of something is transferred from one sumo:Agent to another. An aggregation of similarly specialized sumo:Cells and the associated intercellular substance. sumo:Tissues are relatively non-localized in comparison to sumo:BodyParts, sumo:Organs or sumo:Organ components. The main features of sumo:Tissues are self-connectivity (see sumo:SelfConnectedObject) and being a homogeneous mass (all parts in the same granularity are instances of sumo:Tissue as well). sumo:RadiatingElectromagnetic is the subclass of sumo:Radiating processes in which electromagnetic radiation is transmitted or absorbed. SI activity measure. Symbol: Bq. It measures the amount of radioactivity contained in a given sample of matter. It is that quantity of a radioactive element in which there is one atomic disintegration per sumo:SecondDuration. sumo:Becquerel = s^(-1). The sumo:Class of sumo:Keeping sumo:Processes where the sumo:patient is a sumo:Human or an sumo:Animal and is kept involuntarily. This covers caging, imprisonment, jailing, etc. The sumo:Class of sumo:UnaryFunctions which are one to one. A function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y). The sumo:Class of all calendar sumo:Years. The class of sumo:UnaryFunctions that map from the sumo:Class sumo:ConstantQuantity to the sumo:Class sumo:ConstantQuantity. Includes sumo:Humans and relatively recent ancestors of sumo:Humans. The sumo:Class of sumo:Attributes relating to the taste of sumo:Objects. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Languages that are designed by sumo:Humans. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where an sumo:Object is heated and converted from a sumo:Solid to a sumo:Liquid. The sumo:Class of sumo:Relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation. One of the parts of speech. The sumo:Class of sumo:Words that conventionally denote sumo:Processes. A sumo:BiologicalAttribute which qualifies something that alters or interferes with a normal process, state or activity of an sumo:Organism. It is usually characterized by the abnormal functioning of one or more of the host's systems, parts, or sumo:Organs. sumo:Ambulating relatively quickly, i.e. moving in such a way that, with each step, neither foot is in contact with the ground for a period of time. The sumo:SetOrClass of sumo:Sets and sumo:Classes, i.e. any instance of sumo:Abstract that has sumo:elements or sumo:instances. Any sumo:RealNumber that is the product of dividing two sumo:Integers. A sumo:Phrase that begins with a preposition and that functions as an sumo:Adjective or an sumo:Adverb. Any sumo:RealNumber that is not also a sumo:RationalNumber. Any sumo:LinguisticGeneration which is also a sumo:Vocalizing, i.e. any sumo:LinguisticCommunication by a sumo:Human which involves his/her vocal cords. A sumo:TransportationDevice is a sumo:Device which serves as the sumo:instrument in a sumo:Transportation sumo:Process which carries the sumo:patient of the sumo:Process from one point to another. SI force measure. Symbol: N. It is that force which gives to a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 sumo:Meter per sumo:SecondDuration. sumo:Newton = m*kg*s^(-2). A sumo:List in which no item appears more than once, i.e. a sumo:List for which there are no distinct numbers ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 such that (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER1) and (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER2) return the same value. A sumo:subclass of sumo:ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from one form (e.g. uttered, written or represented mentally) into a written form. Note that this class covers both transcription and original creation of written sumo:Texts. Falling is the class of events in which something moves from a higher location to a lower location under the force of gravity. Qualities which we cannot or choose not to reify into subclasses of sumo:Object. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are April. English unit of volume equal to 1/2 of a sumo:Pint. Controlling the direction and/or speed of a sumo:TransportationDevice. This includes navigating a ship, driving a car or truck, operating a train, etc. The sumo:Class of sumo:ChemicalProcesses in which a sumo:CompoundSubstance breaks down into simpler products. The sumo:Class of sumo:Carnivores with completely separable toes, nonretractable claws, and long muzzles. A military confrontation between two or more sumo:GeopoliticalAreas or sumo:Organizations whose members are sumo:GeopoliticalAreas. As the corresponding axiom specifies, a sumo:War is made up of sumo:Battles. Any sumo:Attribute that characterizes the sound made by an sumo:Object. sumo:OrganizationalProcesses where someone is made an employee of an sumo:Organization. Any instance of sumo:Giving that is not part of a sumo:Transaction. In other words, any instance of sumo:Giving where nothing is received in return. Some examples of sumo:UnilateralGiving are: honorary awards, gifts, and financial grants. A sumo:Contest whose purpose is the enjoyment/stimulation of the participants or spectators of the sumo:Game. The sumo:Class of alphanumeric sequences. A negative or nonnegative whole number. A sumo:Phrase that has the same function as a sumo:Verb. Any sumo:mixture that satisfies two conditions, viz. it is made up predominantly of things which are a sumo:Liquid and any component other than sumo:Liquid in the sumo:mixture is in the form of fine particles which are suspended in the sumo:Liquid. Any measure of length of time, with or without respect to the universal timeline. Any instance of sumo:Transfer which results in a situation where it is not the case that the sumo:agent sumo:grasps something which he/she sumo:grasps previously. A sumo:FunctionQuantity is a sumo:Function that maps from one or more instances of sumo:ConstantQuantity to another instance of sumo:ConstantQuantity. For example, the velocity of a particle would be represented by a sumo:FunctionQuantity mapping values of time (which are sumo:ConstantQuantities) to values of distance (also sumo:ConstantQuantities). Note that all instances of sumo:FunctionQuantity are sumo:Functions with a fixed arity. Note too that all elements of the range of a sumo:FunctionQuantity have the same physical dimension as the sumo:FunctionQuantity itself. A sumo:WaterArea in which water does not flow constantly or in the same direction, e.g. most lakes and ponds. The class of sumo:Attributes expressing configurations of bodies or parts of bodies of animals or humans, e.g. standing, sitting, kneeling, lying down, etc. Any sumo:SetOrClass that contains at least one instance. The coming together of two or more sumo:CognitiveAgents for the purpose of sumo:Communication. This covers informal meetings, e.g. visits with family members, and formal meetings, e.g. a board of directors meeting. SI dose equivalent measure. Symbol: Sv. It is a unit of biologic dose of ionizing radiation. The sumo:Sievert makes it possible to normalize doses of different types of radiation. It takes into account the relative biologic effectiveness of ionizing radiation, since each form of such radiation--e.g., X rays, gamma rays, neutrons-- has a slightly different effect on living tissue for a given absorbed dose. The dose equivalent of a given type of radiation (in sumo:Sievert) is the dose of the radiation in sumo:Gray multiplied by a quality factor that is based on the relative biologic effectiveness of the radiation. Accordingly, one sumo:Sievert is generally defined as the amount of radiation roughly equivalent in biologic effectiveness to one sumo:Gray of gamma radiation. sumo:Sievert = J/kg = m^2*s^(-2) The sumo:Class of sumo:Devices that are designed primarily to damage or destroy sumo:Humans/sumo:Animals, sumo:StationaryArtifacts or the places inhabited by sumo:Humans/sumo:Animals. The sumo:Process of biological reproduction. This can be either a sexual or an asexual process. A fundamental concept that applies in many engineering domains. An sumo:EngineeringComponent is an element of a sumo:Device that is a physically whole object, such as one might see listed as standard parts in a catalog. The main difference betweeen sumo:EngineeringComponents and arbitrary globs of matter is that sumo:EngineeringComponents are object-like in a modeling sense. Thus, an sumo:EngineeringComponent is not an arbtrary subregion, but a part of a system with a stable identity. A sumo:Predicate relating two items - its valence is two. The class of sumo:IntentionalProcesses where something is sought. Some examples would be hunting, shopping, trawling, and stalking. sumo:Processes which involve altering an internal property of an sumo:Object, e.g. the shape of the sumo:Object, its coloring, its structure, etc. sumo:Processes that are not instances of this class include changes that only affect the relationship to other objects, e.g. changes in spatial or temporal location. A sumo:BinaryFunction is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function. More precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2. Any sumo:Food which was originally part of an sumo:Animal and is not ingested by drinking, including eggs and animal blood that is eaten as food. Note that this class covers both raw meat and meat that has been prepared in some way, e.g. by cooking. Note too that preparations involving sumo:Meat and sumo:FruitOrVegetable are classed directly under sumo:Food. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalPsychologicalProcesses which involve the formulation of a sumo:Proposition about a state of affairs which might be realized in the future. A sumo:Process where the sumo:agent detaches one thing from something else. Note that this is different from sumo:Removing in that neither of the two things which are detached may be removed from the location where it was attached. A sumo:Transaction where an instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure is exchanged for something else. sumo:Transitway is the broadest class of regions which may be passed through as a sumo:path in instances of sumo:Translocation. sumo:Transitway includes land, air, and sea regions, and it includes both natural and artificial transitways. The sumo:Process by which solid sumo:Food is incorporated into an sumo:Animal. A sumo:EducationalOrganization is an institution of learning. Some examples are public and private K-12 schools, and colleges and universities. Any proposition which has the form of a deductive or inductive argument, i.e. a set of premises which, it is claimed, imply a conclusion. An sumo:ConstructedLanguage is a sumo:HumanLanguage that did not evolve spontaneously within a language community, but rather had its core grammar and vocabulary invented by one or more language experts, often with an aim to produce a more grammatically regular language than any language that has evolved naturally. This sumo:Class includes languages like Esperanto that were created to facilitate international communication This class encompasses sumo:Organisms, sumo:CorpuscularObjects that are parts of sumo:Organisms, i.e. sumo:BodyParts, and sumo:CorpuscularObjects that are nonintentionally produced by sumo:Organisms, e.g. sumo:ReproductiveBodies. Any sumo:Attribute that characterizes the texture of an sumo:Object. Note that a sumo:TextureAttribute always applies to the surface of an object whenever it applies to the object itself. This is the subclass of sumo:ContentBearingPhysical which are not part of a sumo:Language and which have some sort of similarity with the sumo:Objects that they represent. This sumo:Class would include symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc. A sumo:Metal is an sumo:ElementalSubstance that conducts heat and electricity, is shiny and reflects many colors of light, and can be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire. About 80sumo: of the known chemical elements (sumo:ElementalSubstances) are metals. A sumo:Nutrient made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. sumo:Vehicle is the subclass of sumo:TransportationDevices that transport passengers or goods from one place to another by moving from one place to the other with them, e.g., cars, trucks, ferries, and airplanes. Contrast with devices such as pipelines, escalators, or supermarket checkout belts, which carry items from one place to another by means of a moving part, without the device removing from the origin to the destination. Any sumo:Number that is the result of multiplying a sumo:RealNumber by the square root of -1. Any three-sided sumo:Polygon. An umbrella sumo:Class for any sumo:Word that does not fit into the other subclasses of sumo:Word. A sumo:Particle is generally a small term that serves a grammatical or logical function, e.g. 'and', 'of', 'since', etc. At some point, this class might be broken up into the subclasses 'Connective', 'Preposition', etc. Note that the class sumo:Particle includes both personal and possessive pronouns, e.g. 'she', 'hers', 'it', 'its', etc. Instances of this sumo:Class suppose, for the sake of argument, that a proposition is true. For example, John considered what he would do if he won the lottery. Any sumo:Attribute that relates to the shape of an sumo:Object. The sumo:Class of sumo:ChemicalProcesses in which an sumo:Object reacts with oxygen and gives off heat. This includes all sumo:Processes in which something is burning. A eukaryotic sumo:Organism characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of rigid cell walls. Included here are both slime molds and true fungi such as yeasts, molds, mildews, and mushrooms. Any fruit or vegetable, i.e. a ripened sumo:ReproductiveBody of a sumo:Plant. Note that sumo:FruitOrVegetable is not a subclass of sumo:Food, because some fruits, e.g. poisonous berries, are not edible. The sumo:Class of sumo:Relations between an sumo:Agent and one or more Entities, where the sumo:Relation requires that the sumo:Agent have awareness of the sumo:Entity. One of the parts of speech. The sumo:Class of sumo:Words that conventionally denote sumo:Objects. The sumo:subclass of sumo:ChangeOfPossession where something is exchanged for something else. 2 Investigating the truth of a sumo:proposition by constructing and observing a trial. Note that the trial may be either controlled or uncontrolled, blind or not blind. The sumo:Process of biological development in which an sumo:Organism or part of an sumo:Organism changes its form or its size. Any sumo:SocialInteraction where a sumo:CognitiveAgent or sumo:Group of sumo:CognitiveAgents attempts to make another sumo:CognitiveAgent or sumo:Group of sumo:CognitiveAgents believe something that is false. This covers deceit, affectation, impersonation, and entertainment productions, to give just a few examples. Any four-sided sumo:Polygon. An sumo:Integer that is not evenly divisible by 2. sumo:Voting is the activity of voting in an sumo:Election. Voting is typically done by individuals, while sumo:Elections are conducted by sumo:Organizations. The voting process by an individual voter is part of an sumo:Election process. An sumo:Organism that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope. A document having monetary value or recording a monetary transaction A fluid present in sumo:Animals that transports sumo:Nutrients to and waste products away from various sumo:BodyParts. Any sumo:Quadrilateral whose angles are all sumo:RightAngles. The sumo:Class of multigraphs. A multigraph is a sumo:Graph containing at least one pair of sumo:GraphNodes that are connected by more than one sumo:GraphArc. A sumo:Device is an sumo:Artifact whose purpose is to serve as an sumo:instrument in a specific subclass of sumo:Process. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Radiating in which sound waves are given off or absorbed. Some examples include creaking, roaring, and whistling. A sumo:RealNumber that is greater than or equal to zero. Long, narrow, soft-bodied sumo:Invertebrates. Any sumo:Declaring that leads to one person being the sumo:spouse of another. Any sumo:LiquidMotion where the sumo:Liquid is sumo:Water. The sumo:Making of sumo:Artifacts on a mass scale. A sumo:Directing in which the receiver is commanded to realize the content of a sumo:ContentBearingObject. Orders are injunctions, the disobedience of which involves sanctions, or which express an obligation upon the part of the orderee. The class of sumo:Languages designed for and interpreted by a computer. A molecule is the smallest unit of matter of a sumo:CompoundSubstance that retains all the physical and chemical properties of that substance, e.g., Ne, H2, H2O. A molecule is two or more sumo:Atoms linked by a chemical bond. Nonrigid sumo:Tissue that is composed largely of fat cells. Any instance of sumo:Seeing which is intentional. Converting content from one sumo:Language into another. The sumo:subclass of sumo:SurfaceChange where a sumo:ColorAttribute of the sumo:patient is altered. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Transfer where the sumo:patient travels through space by means of a sudden, forceful event. Some examples would be shooting, throwing, tossing, etc. A standard of measurement for some dimension. For example, the sumo:Meter is a sumo:UnitOfMeasure for the dimension of length, as is the sumo:Inch. There is no intrinsic property of a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that makes it primitive or fundamental; rather, a system of units (e.g. sumo:SystemeInternationalUnit) defines a set of orthogonal dimensions and assigns units for each. A sumo:Device which is manipulated by a sumo:Human and whose purpose is to produce sumo:Music. Any sumo:SelfConnectedObject containing sumo:Nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, that can be ingested by a living sumo:Animal and metabolized into energy and body tissue. sumo:Attributes that indicate whether an sumo:Organism is conscious or the qualitative degree of consciousness of an sumo:Organism. The sumo:Class of truth values, e.g. sumo:True and sumo:False. These are sumo:Attributes of sumo:Sentences and sumo:Propositions. The fundamental structural and functional unit of living sumo:Organisms. Any sumo:Corporation which manufactures sumo:Products. The sumo:Class of directed graphs. A directed graph is a sumo:Graph in which all sumo:GraphArcs have direction, i.e. every sumo:GraphArc has an initial node (see sumo:InitialNodeFn) and a terminal node (see sumo:TerminalNodeFn). The class of sumo:ElementalSubstances that are smaller than sumo:Atoms and compose sumo:Atoms. sumo:DeductiveArguments that are not sumo:ValidDeductiveArguments, i.e. it is not the case that the set of sumo:premises in fact sumo:entails the sumo:conclusion. The sumo:Class of sumo:IntentionalRelations where the sumo:Agent has awareness of a sumo:Proposition. An sumo:Integer that is evenly divisible only by itself and 1. An sumo:Argument which has the form of a deduction, i.e. it is claimed that the set of sumo:premises sumo:entails the sumo:conclusion. The class of sumo:GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along three dimensions, viz. geometric solids like polyhedrons and cylinders. The sumo:Class of sumo:Substances that contain two or more elements (sumo:ElementalSubstances), in definite proportion by weight. The composition of a pure compound will be invariant, regardless of the method of preparation. Compounds are composed of more than one kind of atom (element). The term molecule is often used for the smallest unit of a compound that still retains all of the properties of the compound. Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), and water (H_2O). A sumo:Class containing all of the sumo:Attributes that are specific to participants in a sumo:Contest. Some of these sumo:Attributes are winning, losing, won, lost, etc. Sexual sumo:Processes of biological reproduction. Any sumo:Process of assigning a sumo:Proposition to a sumo:Text, i.e. understanding the sumo:Text. Unit of volume commonly used in the United States. Any sumo:Motion where the sumo:patient is a sumo:Gas. This class would cover, in particular, the motion of sumo:Air, e.g. a breeze or wind. Submultiple of sumo:Meter. Symbol: cm. It is the 100th part of a sumo:Meter A sumo:Device whose purpose is to attach one thing to something else, e.g. nails, screws, buttons, etc. sumo:Classes differ from sumo:Sets in three important respects. First, sumo:Classes are not assumed to be extensional. That is, distinct sumo:Classes might well have exactly the same instances. Second, sumo:Classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the sumo:Class. So, for example, the condition `human' determines the sumo:Class of sumo:Humans. Note that some sumo:Classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g., the sumo:Class of sumo:Abstract things is sumo:Abstract) and hence be instances of themselves. Third, the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances. A sumo:PhysiologicProcess of a particular sumo:Organ or sumo:Tissue. The sumo:Class of sumo:PsychologicalProcesses which involve the recollection of prior experiences and/or of knowledge which was previously acquired. Any specification of how many or how much of something there is. Accordingly, there are two subclasses of sumo:Quantity: sumo:Number (how many) and sumo:PhysicalQuantity (how much). The process of creating a traumatic wound or injury. Since sumo:Injuring is not possible without some biologic function of the organism being injured, it is a subclass of sumo:BiologicalProcess. SI magnetic flux measure. Symbol: Wb. It is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 sumo:Volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 sumo:SecondDuration. sumo:Weber = V*s = m^2*kg*s^(-2)*A^(-1). The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where an sumo:Object is cooled and converted from a sumo:Liquid to a sumo:Solid. A syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language. Any sumo:SelfConnectedObject that expresses information. 1 The sumo:subclass of sumo:ChangeOfPossession where the sumo:agent gets something. Note that the source from which something is obtained is specified with the sumo:origin. 1 Any sumo:Motion where the sumo:agent is an sumo:Organism and the sumo:patient is a sumo:BodyPart. sumo:OrganizationalProcesses where someone ceases to be an employee of an sumo:Organization. Note that this covers being laid off, being fired, and voluntarily leaving a job. Any sumo:Process where the sumo:PhysicalState of sumo:part of the sumo:patient of the sumo:Process changes. A sumo:Class of small sumo:Arthropods that are air-breathing and that are distinguished by appearance. A currency measure. Various sumo:Primates with relatively long tails. A plane angle measure. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Perception in which the sensing is done by an auditory sumo:Organ. A sumo:BinaryFunction is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the sumo:Function. More precisely, a sumo:Function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. Any sumo:AnatomicalStructure which is not normally found in the sumo:Organism of which it is a part, i.e. it is the result of a sumo:PathologicProcess. This class covers tumors, birth marks, goiters, etc. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Destruction in which the death of an sumo:Organism is caused by an sumo:Organism. Note that in cases of suicide the sumo:Organism would be the same in both cases. Any element of the official currrency of some sumo:Nation. This covers both sumo:CurrencyBills and sumo:CurrencyCoins. Any instance of sumo:Currency that is made of sumo:Metal. The sumo:Class of properties that are detectable by smell. A sumo:Class containing all of the sumo:Attributes relating to the notions of possibility and necessity. sumo:Relation ?REL is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST. sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is an sumo:AntisymmetricRelation if for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1). In other words, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical. Note that it is possible for an sumo:AntisymmetricRelation to be a sumo:ReflexiveRelation. The sumo:Class of sumo:Processes where a sumo:Liquid is added to an sumo:Object. The sumo:Class of all calendar Sundays. A sumo:subclass of sumo:ContentDevelopment in which content is converted from a written form into a spoken representation. Note that the class sumo:Interpreting should be used in cases where a sumo:Text is read silently. The sumo:Class of sumo:Substances with constant composition. A sumo:PureSubstance can be either an element (sumo:ElementalSubstance) or a compound of elements (sumo:CompoundSubstance). Examples: Table salt (sodium chloride, NaCl), sugar (sucrose, C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}), water (H_2O), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and oxygen (O_2). Modern man, the only remaining species of the Homo genus. A normal or pathological part of the anatomy or structural organization of an sumo:Organism. This class covers sumo:BodyParts, as well as structures that are given off by sumo:Organisms, e.g. sumo:ReproductiveBodies. The class of sumo:Texts that purport to be largely a product of the author's imagination, i.e. the author does not believe that most of the content conveyed by the text is an accurate depiction of the real world. Note that something can be an instance of sumo:FictionalText, even if it is completely true. Whether something is a sumo:FictionalText is determined by the beliefs of the agent creating the text. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Perception in which the sensing is done by sumo:Touching. Note that sumo:Touching need not involve sumo:TactilePerception. For example, a person who has lost all sensation in both of his legs would have no sumo:TactilePerception of anything his legs were sumo:Touching. A sumo:Class containing all of the sumo:Attributes that are specific to morality, legality, aesthetics, etiquette, etc. Many of these attributes express a judgement that something ought or ought not to be the case. The sumo:Class of visually discernible properties. sumo:Attributes that indicate the stage of development of an sumo:Organism. A sumo:stating in which two sumo:agents have contradictory statements. This is distinguished from sumo:Arguing in that the statement in dispute may be a simple assertion, rather than a chain of deduction, and that two entities must be disagreeing with each other, whereas a single entity may craft an argument for a given point of view, without the need for another agent to disagree with. This sumo:Class currently comprises all of the logical operators (viz. 'and', 'or', 'not', '=>', and '<=>'). In sumo:Animals, a chemical secreted by an endocrine gland whose products are released into the circulating fluid. sumo:Plant hormones or synthetic hormones which are used only to alter or control various physiologic processes, e.g., reproductive control agents, are assigned to the sumo:Class sumo:BiologicallyActiveSubstance. sumo:Hormones act as chemical messengers and regulate various physiologic processes such as growth, reproduction, metabolism, etc. They usually fall into two broad categories, viz. steroid hormones and peptide hormones. The sumo:Class of sumo:VisualAttributes relating to the color of sumo:Objects. sumo:LandTransitway is the subclass of sumo:Transitway that represents areas intended for motion over the ground. A sumo:SetOrClass is a sumo:MutuallyDisjointClass just in case there exists nothing which is an instance of all of the instances of the original sumo:SetOrClass. A sumo:ShoreArea is a sumo:LandArea approximately 1-3 km wide bordering a body of water, such as an ocean, bay, river, or lake. A sumo:ShoreArea may comprise a variety of sumo:LandForms, such as dunes, sloughs, and marshes. Time unit. A week's duration is seven days. The sumo:OrganizationalProcess of becoming a sumo:member of an sumo:Organization. An sumo:organization which is much like a sumo:MilitaryOrganization, e.g. it is made up of armed fighters, except that it is not associated with a sumo:government. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Creation in which an individual sumo:Artifact or a type of sumo:Artifact is made. A sumo:StationaryArtifact is an sumo:Artifact that has a fixed spatial location. Most instances of this sumo:Class are architectural works, e.g. the Eiffel Tower, the Great Pyramids, office towers, single-family houses, etc. sumo:Precipitation is the process of water molecules falling from the air to the ground, in either a liquid or frozen state. Asexual sumo:Processes of biological reproduction. English length unit of feet. English length unit of miles. A currency measure of most European Union countries. One of the parts of speech. The sumo:Class of sumo:Words that conventionally denote sumo:Attributes of sumo:Objects. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Perception in which the sensing is done by an olefactory sumo:Organ. sumo:Artifact made out of fabrics and possibly other materials that are used to cover the bodies of sumo:Humans. Any instance of sumo:Touching which results in a situation where the sumo:agent sumo:grasps the sumo:patient of the sumo:Touching. The class of sumo:PhysiologicProcesses of which there is not conscious awareness and control. An sumo:Organism with eukaryotic sumo:Cells, and lacking stiff cell walls, plastids, and photosynthetic pigments. 2 Any sumo:QuantityChange where the sumo:PhysicalQuantity is increased. The broadest sumo:GeopoliticalArea, i.e. sumo:Nations are sumo:GeopoliticalAreas that are not part of any other overarching and comprehensive governance structure (excepting commonwealths and other sorts of loose international organizations). Time unit. 1 minute = 60 seconds. Any sumo:Motion where the sumo:patient is a sumo:Liquid. This class would cover, in particular, the flow of sumo:Water. The physical state of an sumo:Object. There are three reified instances of this sumo:Class: sumo:Solid, sumo:Liquid, and sumo:Gas. Physical changes are not characterized by the transformation of one substance into another, but rather by the change of the form (physical states) of a given substance. For example, melting an iron nail yields a substance still called iron. An sumo:Integer that is evenly divisible by 2. An sumo:Agent that provides products and/or services for a fee with the aim of making a profit. Includes all standard measures of monetary value, including sumo:UnitedStatesDollar, sumo:UnitedStatesCent, Lire, Yen, etc. The sumo:subclass of sumo:IntentionalProcess that involves interactions between sumo:CognitiveAgents. 2 The spatial analogue of sumo:Planning. sumo:Designing a sumo:Collection of sumo:Objects involves determining a placement of the sumo:Objects with respect to one another and perhaps other sumo:Objects as well, in order to satisfy a particular purpose. Any sumo:GasMixture that is visible, e.g. clouds of sumo:Smoke produced by a fire or clouds of water vapor in the sky. A sumo:RealNumber that is less than zero. A sumo:Building or part of a sumo:Building which provides some accomodation for sleeping. Any sumo:GovernmentOrganization that is charged with domestic enforcement of the laws of the sumo:Government. The sumo:Class of all calendar Mondays. The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are November. A sumo:SocialInteraction where the sumo:agent and sumo:patient are sumo:CognitiveAgents who are trying to defeat one another. Note that this concept is often applied in a metaphorical sense in natural language, when we speak, e.g., of the struggle of plants for space or sunlight, or of bacteria for food resources in some environment. sumo:A PhysicalQuantity is a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates). All sumo:PhysicalQuantities are either sumo:ConstantQuantities or sumo:FunctionQuantities. Instances of sumo:ConstantQuantity are dependent on a sumo:UnitOfMeasure, while instances of sumo:FunctionQuantity are sumo:Functions that map instances of sumo:ConstantQuantity to other instances of sumo:ConstantQuantity (e.g., sumo:TimeDependentQuantities are sumo:FunctionQuantities). Although the name and definition of sumo:PhysicalQuantity is borrowed from physics, sumo:PhysicalQuantities need not be material. Aside from the dimensions of length, time, velocity, etc., nonphysical dimensions such as currency are also possible. Accordingly, amounts of money would be instances of sumo:PhysicalQuantity. sumo:PhysicalQuantities are distinguished from sumo:Numbers by the fact that the former are associated with a dimension of measurement. The sumo:Class of Systeme International (SI) units. The class of sumo:GeometricFigures that have position and an extension along a single dimension, viz. straight lines. A sumo:TemperatureMeasure. Note that 0 sumo:RankineDegrees is the same as the absolute zero (i.e. 0 sumo:KelvinDegrees). The sumo:Class of all sumo:Months which are June. A request expresses a desire that some future action be performed. For example, the 5th Battalion requested air support from the 3rd Bomber Group. Note that this class covers proposals, recommendations, suggestions, etc. Any sumo:Rectangle whose sides are all equal. A sumo:BiologicalProcess which takes place in the mind or brain of an sumo:Organism and which may be manifested in the behavior of the sumo:Organism. Any sumo:Corporation which sells physical goods to customers for a profit. Various sumo:Primates with no tails or only short tails. Finding something that was sought. Note that this class is restricted to cases of discovering something sumo:Physical. For cases involving the acquisition of knowledge, the class sumo:Learning should be used. sumo:Artifacts that are created by weaving together natural or synthetic fibers or by treating the skins of certain sorts of sumo:Animals. Note that this sumo:Class includes articles that are created by stitching together various types of fabrics, e.g. bedspreads. On the other hand, sumo:Clothing is not a sumo:subclass of sumo:Fabric, because many clothing items contain elements that are not fabrics. A sumo:LinguisticExpression or set of sumo:LinguisticExpressions that perform a specific function related to sumo:Communication, e.g. express a discourse about a particular topic, and that are inscribed in a sumo:CorpuscularObject by sumo:Humans. English unit of volume equal to 1/4 of a sumo:UnitedStatesGallon. Any sumo:object or sumo:process that expresses content. This covers objects that contain a sumo:proposition, such as a book, as well as sumo:ManualSignLanguage, which may similarly contain a sumo:proposition. 1 A sumo:NonFloweringPlant that contains vascular tissue. This class includes true ferns, as well as horsetails, club mosses, and whisk ferns. The sumo:Class of all calendar sumo:Months. A sumo:Process where two or more sumo:Substances are combined into a single sumo:Substance. The sumo:Class of sumo:OneToOneFunctions whose range is a subclass of the sumo:PositiveIntegers. Something or someone that can act on its own and produce changes in the world. The sumo:Class of sumo:Mammals which are sumo:Primates. Any sumo:Food that is ingested by sumo:Drinking. Note that this class is disjoint with the other subclasses of sumo:Food, i.e. sumo:Meat and sumo:FruitOrVegetable. A sumo:Process where one sumo:Object becomes attached to another sumo:Object. Note that this differs from sumo:Putting in that two things which are attached may already be in the same location. The sumo:subclass of sumo:Languages used by sumo:Humans. Converting a document or message into a formal language or into a code that can be understood only by a relatively small body of sumo:Agents. Generally speaking, this hinders wide dissemination of the content in the original document or message. The sumo:Class of all leap years. These are years which are either (i.) evenly divisible by 4 and not by 100 or (ii.) evenly divisible by 400 (this latter case is known as a leap century). A sumo:Substance that is capable of inducing a change in the structure or functioning of an sumo:Organism. This sumo:Class includes sumo:Substances used in the treatment, diagnosis, prevention or analysis of normal and abnormal body function. This sumo:Class also includes sumo:Substances that occur naturally in the body and are administered therapeutically. Finally, sumo:BiologicallyActiveSubstance includes sumo:Nutrients, most drugs of abuse, and agents that require special handling because of their toxicity. (sumo:considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. A sumo:BinaryRelation is an sumo:equivalenceRelationOn a sumo:SetOrClass only if the relation is sumo:reflexiveOn the sumo:SetOrClass and it is both a sumo:TransitiveRelation and a sumo:SymmetricRelation. sumo:PerFn maps two instances of sumo:ConstantQuantity to the sumo:FunctionQuantity composed of these two instances. For example, (sumo:PerFn (sumo:MeasureFn 2 (sumo:MicroFn sumo:Gram)) (sumo:MeasureFn 1 (sumo:KiloFn sumo:Gram))) denotes the sumo:FunctionQuantity of 2 micrograms per kiogram. This function is useful, because it allows the knowledge engineer to dynamically generate instances of sumo:FunctionQuantity. One of the basic sumo:ProbabilityRelations. (sumo:decreasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is less likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps an sumo:Object or sumo:Process to the exact sumo:TimeInterval during which it exists. Note that, for every sumo:TimePoint ?TIME outside of the sumo:TimeInterval (sumo:WhenFn ?THING), (sumo:time ?THING ?TIME) does not hold. (sumo:RationalNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the rational representation of ?NUMBER. A partial function that relates a sumo:List to a sumo:RealNumber, provided that the List only has list elements that are sumo:RealNumbers. The sumo:RealNumber associated with the sumo:List is equal to the mathematical average of the sumo:RealNumbers in the sumo:List divided by the total number of list elements. This predicate relates two sumo:Relations. (sumo:disjointRelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that the two relations have no tuples in common. A sumo:BinaryRelation is reflexive on a sumo:SetOrClass only if every instance of the sumo:SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ sumo:completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (sumo:part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one. A very general sumo:Predicate for asserting that a particular sumo:Object is measured by a particular sumo:ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this sumo:Predicate will be an instance of the sumo:Function sumo:MeasureFn. One of the basic sumo:ProbabilityRelations. sumo:conditionalProbability is used to state the numeric value of a conditional probability. (sumo:conditionalProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) --> ?NUMBER means that the probability of ?FORMULA2 being true given that ?FORMULA1 is true is ?NUMBER. (sumo:CeilingFn ?NUMBER) returns the smallest sumo:Integer greater than or equal to the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER. The magnitude of a sumo:ConstantQuantity is the numeric value for the quantity. In other words, sumo:MagnitudeFn converts a sumo:ConstantQuantity with an associated sumo:UnitOfMeasure into an ordinary sumo:RealNumber. For example, the magnitude of the sumo:ConstantQuantity 2 sumo:Kilometers is the sumo:RealNumber 2. Note that the magnitude of a quantity in a given unit times that unit is equal to the original quantity. (sumo:PowerSetFn ?CLASS) maps the sumo:SetOrClass ?CLASS to the sumo:SetOrClass of all sumo:subclasses of ?CLASS. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:GraphArc to the initial node of the sumo:GraphArc. Notethat this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for sumo:GraphArcs that are not part of a sumo:DirectedGraph. One of the basic ProbabilityRelations, sumo:ProbabilityFn is used to state the a priori probability of a state of affairs. (ProbabilityFn ?FORMULA, ?NUMBER) states that ?NUMBER is the probability of ?FORMULA holding. The complement of a given sumo:SetOrClass C is the sumo:SetOrClass of all things that are not instances of C. In other words, an object is an instance of the complement of a sumo:SetOrClass C just in case it is not an instance of C. The epistemic predicate of belief. (sumo:believes ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT believes the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are sumo:Numbers, then (sumo:SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)-->?NUMBER3 is the arithmetical difference between ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2, i.e. ?NUMBER1 minus ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 is equal to 0, in which case (sumo:SubtractionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the negation of ?NUMBER2. A sumo:Function that maps an sumo:Object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the sumo:Object moves. Note that this is a partial function, since some sumo:Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the sumo:range of this sumo:Function is indefinite in much the way that sumo:ImmediateFutureFn and sumo:ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. A sumo:BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION1 is distributive over another sumo:BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION2 just in case (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 (?FUNCTION2 ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION2 (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST2) (?FUNCTION1 ?INST1 ?INST3)), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3. (sumo:desires ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT wants to bring about the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is no implication that what is desired by the agent is not already true. Note too that sumo:desires is distinguished from sumo:wants only in that the former is a sumo:PropositionalAttitude, while sumo:wants is an sumo:ObjectAttitude. The relation of spatial containment for two separable objects. When the two objects are not separable (e.g. an automobile and one of its seats), the relation of sumo:part should be used. (sumo:contains ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the sumo:SelfConnectedObject ?OBJ1 has a space (i.e. a sumo:Hole) which is at least partially filled by ?OBJ2. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:GigaFn sumo:Hertz) is 1,000,000,000 sumo:Hertz. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimePosition to the sumo:TimeInterval that meets it and that begins at sumo:NegativeInfinity. (sumo:TangentFn ?DEGREE) is the tangent of the sumo:PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The tangent of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the side next to ?DEGREE in a right-angled triangle. (sumo:ImmediateFamilyFn ?PERSON) denotes the immediate family of ?PERSON, i.e. the sumo:Group consisting of the parents of ?PERSON and anyone of whom ?PERSON is a parent. (sumo:RoundFn ?NUMBER) is the sumo:Integer closest to ?NUMBER on the number line. If ?NUMBER is halfway between two sumo:Integers (for example 3.5), it denotes the larger sumo:Integer. If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are sumo:Numbers, then (sumo:DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)--> ?NUMBER3 is the result of dividing ?NUMBER1 by ?NUMBER2. An exception occurs when ?NUMBER1 = 1, in which case (sumo:DivisionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is the reciprocal of ?NUMBER2. A function that is useful for generating recurring timeintervals. For example, (sumo:recurrentTimeIntervalFn (sumo:hourFn 6 sumo:Day) (sumo:hourFn 12 sumo:Day) ) returns the class of TimeIntervals beginning at 6 in the morning and endingat 12 noon. For example, (sumo:recurrentTimeIntervalFn (sumo:Saturday) (sumo:Sunday) ) returns the class of all weekends. (sumo:faces ?OBJ ?DIRECTION) means that the front of ?OBJ (see sumo:FrontFn) is positioned towards the compass direction ?DIRECTION. More precisely, it means that if a line were extended from the center of ?DIRECTION, the line would intersect with the front of ?OBJ before it intersected with its back (see sumo:BackFn). A very general predicate. (sumo:representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the sumo:instance of sumo:Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language ?LANGUAGE. If F is a function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then the term (AssignmentFn F N1 ... NK) denotes the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK. Otherwise, the value is undefined. (sumo:employs ?ORG ?PERSON) means that ?ORG has hired ?PERSON and currently retains ?PERSON, on a salaried or contractual basis, to provide services in exchange for monetary compensation. sumo:Relation that holds between an sumo:Agent and an sumo:Object when the sumo:Agent has ownership of the sumo:Object. Used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source. A sumo:contraryAttribute is a set of Attributes such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these Attributes. For example, (sumo:contraryAttribute sumo:Pliable sumo:Rigid) means that nothing can be both Pliable and Rigid. The truth-functional connective of implication. => (sumo:MereologicalProductFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the sumo:Object consisting of the parts which belong to both ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2. (sumo:ImaginaryPartFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that has the square root of -1 as its factor. (sumo:notices ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?AGENT is paying attention to ?OBJECT, that ?OBJECT is currently the object of ?AGENT's conscious awareness. (holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of the sumo:Relation P. (sumo:traverses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 crosses or extends across ?OBJ2. Note that sumo:crosses and sumo:penetrates are subrelations of sumo:traverses. Expresses the relationship between a a sumo:Formula, an sumo:Entity, and a sumo:CognitiveAgent when the sumo:Entity obligates the sumo:CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the sumo:Formula is true. (sumo:result ?ACTION ?OUTPUT) means that ?OUTPUT is a product of ?ACTION. For example, house is a result in the following proposition: Eric built a house. If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are sumo:Numbers, then (sumo:MultiplicationFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)-->?NUMBER3 is the arithmetical product of these numbers. A sumo:BinaryRelation is irreflexive on a sumo:SetOrClass only if no instance of the sumo:SetOrClass bears the relation to itself. Similar to the sumo:capability sumo:Predicate with the additional restriction that the ability be practised/demonstrated to some measurable degree. (sumo:occupiesPosition ?PERSON ?POSITION ?ORG) means that ?PERSON holds the sumo:Position ?POSITION at sumo:Organization ?ORG. For example, (sumo:occupiesPosition sumo:TomSmith sumo:ResearchDirector sumo:AcmeLaboratory) means that sumo:TomSmith is a research director at Acme Labs. (sumo:prefers ?AGENT ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that sumo:CognitiveAgent ?AGENT prefers the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA1over the state of affairs expressed by ?FORMULA2 all things being equal. (sumo:authors ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is creatively responsible for ?TEXT. For example, Agatha Christie is author of Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. (RealNumberFn ?NUMBER) returns the part of ?NUMBER that is a sumo:RealNumber. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:Hole to the sumo:Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a sumo:Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole (sumo:part ?PART ?WHOLE) simply means that the sumo:Object ?PART is part of the sumo:Object ?WHOLE. Note that, since sumo:part is a sumo:ReflexiveRelation, every sumo:Object is a part of itself. A general sumo:Predicate for indicating how two sumo:Objects are oriented with respect to one another. For example, (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 --> North) means that ?OBJ1 is north of ?OBJ2, and (orientation ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 --> Vertical) means that ?OBJ1 is positioned vertically with respect to ?OBJ2. This sumo:BinaryFunction assigns two sumo:GraphNodes to the sumo:GraphPath with the smallest sum of weighted arcs between the two sumo:GraphNodes. (sumo:SineFn ?DEGREE) is the sine of the sumo:PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The sine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side opposite ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. A relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text stated in a particular sumo:HumanLanguage. The domain of documentation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves. This means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps two sumo:GraphNodes to the sumo:Class of sumo:GraphPaths between those two nodes. Note that the two sumo:GraphNodes must belong to the same sumo:Graph. Expresses the relationship between an sumo:Entity, a sumo:Formula, and an sumo:ObjectiveNorm when the sumo:Entity brings it about that the sumo:Formula does not have the sumo:ObjectiveNorm. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimePosition to a short, indeterminate sumo:TimeInterval that immediately follows the sumo:TimePosition. A very general predicate. (sumo:representsForAgent ?THING ?ENTITY ?AGENT) means that the ?AGENT chooses to use the sumo:instance of sumo:Physical ?THING to 'stand for' ?ENTITY. The causation relation between instances of sumo:Process. (sumo:causes ?PROCESS1 ?PROCESS2) means that the instance of sumo:Process ?PROCESS1 brings about the instance of sumo:Process ?PROCESS2, e.g. (sumo:causes sumo:Killing sumo:Death). The relationship between three things, when one of the three things connects the other two. More formally, (sumo:connects ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that (sumo:connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (sumo:connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ3) and not (sumo:connected ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3). (sumo:citizen ?PERSON ?NATION) means that the sumo:Human ?PERSON is a citizen of sumo:Nation ?NATION. (sumo:successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the sumo:Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share. A sumo:UnaryFunction that assigns a sumo:Graph the sumo:Class of sumo:GraphPaths which comprise cutsets for the sumo:Graph and which have the least number of sumo:GraphArcs. (SH) This would have to be inputted manually. (SquareRootFn ?NUMBER) is the principal square root of ?NUMBER. (sumo:hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a sumo:Hole in ?OBJ. A sumo:Hole is a fillable body located at the sumo:surface an sumo:Object. A specialized common sense notion of part for uniform parts of sumo:collections. For example, each sheep in a flock of sheep would have the relationship of member to the flock. A sumo:BinaryFunction that assigns a sumo:PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of sumo:Minutes to the sumo:Seconds within each sumo:Minute corresponding to that sumo:PositiveRealNumber. For example, (sumo:SecondFn 4 (sumo:MinuteFn 5 sumo:Hour)) is the sumo:Class of all fourth sumo:Seconds of every fifth sumo:Minute of every hour. For another example, (sumo:SecondFn 8 sumo:Minute) would return the eighth second of every minute. For still another example, (sumo:SecondFn 9 (sumo:MinuteFn 15 (sumo:HourFn 14 (sumo:DayFn 18 (sumo:MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))))) denotes 9 seconds and 15 minutes after 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. -->?TIMEMEASURE (sumo:GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. A means of converting sumo:TimePositions between different sumo:TimeZones. (sumo:RelativeTimeFn ?TIME ?ZONE) denotes the sumo:TimePosition in sumo:CoordinatedUniversalTime that is contemporaneous with the sumo:TimePosition ?TIME in sumo:TimeZone ?ZONE. For example, (sumo:RelativeTimeFn (sumo:MeasureFn 14 sumo:Hour) sumo:EasternTimeZone) would return the value (sumo:MeasureFn 19 sumo:Hour). A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:KiloFn sumo:Hertz) is 1,000,000 sumo:Hertz. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of sumo:Periodical and a number to all of the issues of the sumo:Periodical corresponding to the number. (sumo:destination ?PROCESS ?GOAL) means that ?GOAL is the target or goal of the Process ?PROCESS. For example, Danbury would be the destination in the following proposition: Bob went to Danbury. Note that this is a very general sumo:CaseRole and, in particular, that it covers the concepts of 'recipient' and 'beneficiary'. Thus, John would be the sumo:destination in the following proposition: Tom gave a book to John. (sumo:MaxFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) --> ?NUMBER3 is the largest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, sumo:MaxFn returns one of its arguments. (sumo:meetsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the terminal point of the sumo:TimeInterval ?INTERVAL1 is the initial point of the sumo:TimeInterval ?INTERVAL2. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps two sumo:ConstantQuantities to the sumo:Class of sumo:ConstantQuantities that comprise the interval from the first sumo:ConstantQuantity to the second sumo:ConstantQuantity. For example, (sumo:IntervalFn (sumo:MeasureFn 8 sumo:Meter) (sumo:MeasureFn 14 sumo:Meter)) would return the sumo:Class of sumo:ConstantQuantities between 8 and 14 meters in length. (sumo:instrument ?EVENT ?TOOL) means that ?TOOL is used by an agent in bringing about ?EVENT and that ?TOOL is not changed by ?EVENT. For example, the key is an sumo:instrument in the following proposition: The key opened the door. Note that sumo:instrument and sumo:resource cannot be satisfied by the same ordered pair. (frequency ?PROC ?TIME) means that the sumo:Process type of ?PROC recurs after every interval of ?TIME. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimeInterval to the sumo:TimePoint at which the interval begins. (sumo:GovernmentFn ?AREA) denotes the sumo:Government of the sumo:GeopoliticalArea ?AREA. For example, (sumo:GovernmentFn sumo:UnitedStates) denotes the Federal-level government of the United States; (sumo:GovernmentFn sumo:PuertoRico) denotes the government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. (SH) This would have to be inputted manually. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps a type of sumo:Series (e.g. the Encyclopedia_Britannica or the Popular_Mechanics periodical) and a number to the volumes of the text type designated by the number. A sumo:BinaryFunction that assigns a sumo:PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of sumo:Days to the sumo:Hours within each sumo:Day corresponding to that sumo:PositiveRealNumber. For example, (sumo:HourFn 12 sumo:Thursday) is the sumo:Class of all instances of noon Thursday. For another example, (sumo:HourFn 24 sumo:Day) would return the class of all instances of midnight. For still another example, (sumo:HourFn 14 (sumo:DayFn 18 (sumo:MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912)))) denotes 2 PM on the 18th day of August 1912. (sumo:uses ?OBJECT ?AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified sumo:Process. This sumo:Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the sumo:CaseRoles sumo:agent and sumo:instrument. (side ?SIDE ?OBJECT) means that ?SIDE is a side of the object, as opposed to the sumo:top or sumo:bottom. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000,000,000,000 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:TeraFn sumo:Hertz) is 1,000,000,000,000 sumo:Hertz. sumo:BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an sumo:Object from one point to another point along its surface. Note that the difference between the predicates sumo:length and sumo:distance is that the sumo:length is used to state the sumo:LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while sumo:distance is used to state the sumo:LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects. The epistemic predicate of knowing. (sumo:knows ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT knows the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that sumo:knows entails conscious awareness, so this sumo:Predicate cannot be used to express tacit or subconscious or unconscious knowledge. (sumo:temporallyBetween ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the sumo:TimePoint ?POINT2 is between the sumo:TimePoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT3, i.e. ?POINT1 is before ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before ?POINT3. This relation holds between an instance of sumo:Physical and an instance of sumo:TimePosition just in case the temporal lifespan of the former includes the latter. In other words, (sumo:time ?THING ?TIME) means that ?THING existed or occurred at ?TIME. Note that time does for instances of sumo:Physical what sumo:holdsDuring does for instances of sumo:Formula. The constants located and time are the basic spatial and temporal predicates, respectively. The basic sumo:Function for expressing the composition of larger sumo:TimeIntervals out of smaller sumo:TimeIntervals. For example, if sumo:ThisSeptember is an sumo:instance of sumo:September, (sumo:TemporalCompositionFn sumo:ThisSeptember sumo:Day) denotes the sumo:Class of consecutive days that make up sumo:ThisSeptember. Note that one can obtain the number of instances of this sumo:Class by using the function sumo:CardinalityFn. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:Hole to the sumo:Object which is its principal host. The principle host of a sumo:Hole is its maximally connected host (a notion taken here to be defined only when the argument is a hole). A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000001 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:MicroFn sumo:SecondDuration) is .000000001 sumo:SecondDurations. (sumo:premise ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the sumo:Proposition ?PROPOSITION is an explicit assumption of the sumo:Argument ?ARGUMENT. A very basic notion of living within something else. (sumo:inhabits ?ORGANISM ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is the residence, nest, home, etc. of ?ORGANISM. sumo:Predicate used to specify argument type restrictions of sumo:Predicates. The formula (sumo:domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS. Domains and range are classes. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps a subclass of sumo:Month and a subclass of sumo:Year to the class containing the sumo:Months corresponding to those sumo:Years. For example (sumo:MonthFn sumo:January (sumo:YearFn 1912)) is the class containing the eighth sumo:Month, i.e. August, of the sumo:Year 1912. For another example, (sumo:MonthFn sumo:August sumo:Year) is equal to sumo:August, the class of all months of August. Note that this function returns a sumo:Class as a value. The reason for this is that the related functions, viz. DayFn, HourFn, MinuteFn, and SecondFn, are used to generate both specific sumo:TimeIntervals and recurrent intervals, and the only way to do this is to make the domains and ranges of these functions classes rather than individuals." (sumo:FloorFn ?NUMBER) returns the largest sumo:Integer less than or equal to the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER. (SH) This would have to be inputted manually. (sumo:experiencer ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT experiences the sumo:Process ?PROCESS. For example, Yojo is the sumo:experiencer of seeing in the following proposition: Yojo sees the fish. Note that sumo:experiencer, unlike sumo:agent, does not entail a causal relation between its arguments. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:GraphPath to the sum of the sumo:arcWeights on the sumo:GraphArcs in the sumo:GraphPath. (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST ?NUMBER)-->?THING denotes the item that is in the ?NUMBER position in the sumo:List ?LIST. For example, (sumo:ListOrderFn (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday sumo:Wednesday) 2) would return the value sumo:Tuesday. (sumo:pointOfIntersection ?FIGURE1 ?FIGURE2) --> ?POINT means that the two straight lines ?FIGURE1 and ?FIGURE2 meet at the point ?POINT. (sumo:radius ?CIRCLE ?LENGTH) means that the radius of the sumo:Circle ?CIRCLE has a length of ?LENGTH. (sumo:timeIntervalEnd ?TimeInterval, ?TimePoint) Declares the ?TimeInterval end time ?TimePoint. Note that the ?TimePoint must occur later than the sumo:TimePoint expressed in the timeIntervalStart relation. (sumo:exploits ?OBJ ?AGENT) means that ?OBJ is used by ?AGENT as a amp;sumo:resource in an unspecified instance of sumo:Process. This amp;sumo:Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the relations sumo:agent and sumo:resource. The value of (sumo:AbsoluteValueFn ?NUMBER) is the absolute value of the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER. A sumo:Function that returns the concatenation of the two sumo:Lists that are given as arguments. For example, the value of (sumo:ListConcatenateFn (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday) (sumo:ListFn sumo:Wednesday sumo:Thursday)) would be (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday sumo:Wednesday sumo:Thursday). The actual, minimal location of an sumo:Object. This is a subrelation of the more general predicate sumo:located. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:GraphPath to the sumo:GraphNode that is the beginning of the sumo:GraphPath. Note that, unlike sumo:InitialNodeFn (which relates a sumo:GraphArc to a sumo:GraphNode), sumo:BeginNodeFn is a total function - every sumo:GraphPath has a beginning. (sumo:lineMeasure ?LINE ?MEASURE)-->?LENGTH means that the straight line ?LINE has the sumo:LengthMeasure of ?MEASURE. (sumo:overlapsPartially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have part(s) in common, but neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 is a sumo:part of the other. (sumo:temporallyBetweenOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2 ?POINT3) means that the sumo:TimePoint ?POINT1 is before or equal to the sumo:TimePoint ?POINT2 and ?POINT2 is before or equal to the sumo:TimePoint ?POINT3. (sumo:holdsDuring ?TIME ?FORMULA) means that the proposition denoted by ?FORMULA is true in the time frame ?TIME. Note that this implies that ?FORMULA is true at every sumo:TimePoint which is a sumo:temporalPart of ?TIME. This sumo:BinaryFunction maps a sumo:RealNumber and a sumo:UnitOfMeasure to that sumo:Number of units. It is used for expressing sumo:ConstantQuantities. For example, the concept of three meters is represented as (sumo:MeasureFn 3 sumo:Meter). This is not binary in SUMO but could be used to relate instances of Number to a unit of measure for that particular instance. The transitive closure of the sumo:parent predicate. (sumo:ancestor ?DESCENDANT ?ANCESTOR) means that ?ANCESTOR is either the sumo:parent of ?DESCENDANT or the sumo:parent of the sumo:parent of sumo:DESCENDANT or etc. (SH) This would have to be inputted manually. A sumo:BinaryPredicate that specifies the length (in number of sumo:GraphNodes) of a sumo:GraphPath.(sumo:pathLength ?PATH ?NUMBER) means that there are ?NUMBER nodes in the sumo:GraphPath ?PATH. (sumo:penetrates ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is sumo:connected to ?OBJ2 along at least one whole dimension (length, width or depth). A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps an sumo:Integer to its predecessor, e.g. the predecessor of 5 is 4. (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) --> ?NUMBER returns the logarithm of the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the sumo:Integer ?INT. (sumo:patient ?PROCESS ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is a participant in ?PROCESS that may be moved, said, experienced, etc. For example, the direct objects in the sentences 'The cat swallowed the canary' and 'Billy likes the beer' would be examples of sumo:patients. Note that the sumo:patient of a sumo:Process may or may not undergo structural change as a result of the sumo:Process. The sumo:CaseRole of sumo:patient is used when one wants to specify as broadly as possible the object of a sumo:Process. A very general sumo:Predicate. (sumo:inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps two sumo:SetOrClasses to the intersection of these sumo:SetOrClasses. An object is an instance of the intersection of two sumo:SetOrClasses just in case it is an instance of both of those sumo:SetOrClasses. (sumo:manner ?PROCESS ?MANNER) means that the sumo:Process ?PROCESS is qualified by the sumo:Attribute ?MANNER. The sumo:Attributes of sumo:Processes are usually denoted by adverbs and include things like the speed of the wind, the style of a dance, or the intensity of a sports competition. (names ?STRING ?ENTITY) means that the thing ?ENTITY has the sumo:symbolic string ?STRING as its name. Note that sumo:names and sumo:represents are the two immediate subrelations of sumo:refers. The predicate sumo:names is used when the referring item is merely a tag without connotative content, while the predicate sumo:represents is used for referring items that have such content. (SignumFn ?NUMBER) denotes the sign of ?NUMBER. This is one of the following values: -1, 1, or 0. (sumo:IntegerSquareRootFn ?NUMBER) returns the integer square root of ?NUMBER. Holes can be filled. (sumo:fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the sumo:Object ?OBJ fills the sumo:Hole ?HOLE. Note that sumo:fills here means perfectly filled. Maps an instance of sumo:LengthMeasure and an instance of sumo:TimeDuration to the speed represented by this proportion of distance and time. For example, (sumo:SpeedFn (sumo:MeasureFn 55 sumo:Mile)(sumo:MeasureFn 1 sumo:HourDuration)) represents the velocity of 55 miles per hour. Expresses a relationship between a sumo:Formula and a sumo:CognitiveAgent whereby the sumo:CognitiveAgent has the right to bring it about that the sumo:Formula is true. An sumo:exhaustiveDecomposition of a sumo:Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see sumo:partition - a sumo:partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.) Specifies the velocity of an object, i.e. the speed and the direction of the speed. For example (sumo:VelocityFn (sumo:MeasureFn 55 sumo:Mile) (sumo:MeasureFn 2 sumo:HourDuration) ?REFERENCE sumo:North) denotes the velocity of 55 miles per hour North of the given reference point ?REFERENCE. A sumo:UnaryFunction that assigns a sumo:Graph the sumo:Class of sumo:GraphPaths that partition the graph into two separate graphs if cut. There may be more than one cutset for a given graph. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:Hole to the skin of the sumo:Hole. The skin of a sumo:Hole is the fusion of those superficial parts (see sumo:superficialPart) of the sumo:Hole's principal host (see sumo:PrincipalHostFn) with which the sumo:Hole is externally connected. This sumo:Predicate expresses the concept of a conventional goal, i.e. a goal with a neutralized agent's intention. Accordingly, (sumo:hasPurpose ?THING ?FORMULA) means that the instance of sumo:Physical ?THING has, as its purpose, the sumo:Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Note that there is an important difference in meaning between the sumo:Predicates sumo:hasPurpose and sumo:result. Although the second argument of the latter can satisfy the second argument of the former, a conventional goal is an expected and desired outcome, while a result may be neither expected nor desired. For example, a machine process may have outcomes but no goals, aimless wandering may have an outcome but no goal; a learning process may have goals with no outcomes, and so on. Expresses the relationship between a sumo:Formula, an sumo:Entity, and a sumo:CognitiveAgent when the sumo:Entity authorizes the sumo:CognitiveAgent to bring it about that the sumo:Formula is true. (sumo:NumeratorFn ?NUMBER) returns the numerator of the canonical reduced form ?NUMBER. (sumo:material ?SUBSTANCE ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is structurally made up in part of ?SUBSTANCE. This relation encompasses the concepts of 'composed of', 'made of', and 'formed of'. For example, plastic is a sumo:material of my computer monitor. Compare sumo:part and its subrelations, viz sumo:component and sumo:piece. A sumo:Function that takes a sumo:List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the sumo:List. For example, (sumo:ListLengthFn (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday sumo:Wednesday)) would return the value 3. binary predicate that is used to state the measure of a circular sumo:object from side to side. One of the basic sumo:ProbabilityRelations. (sumo:increasesLikelihood ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 is more likely to be true if ?FORMULA1 is true. (sumo:DenominatorFn ?NUMBER) returns the denominator of the canonical reduced form of the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER. (sumo:path ?MOTION ?PATH) means that ?PATH is a route along which ?MOTION occurs. For example, Highway 101 is the path in the following proposition: the car drove up Highway 101. Expresses the relationship between a sumo:Formula, an sumo:Entity, and an sumo:ObjectiveNorm when the sumo:Entity brings it about that the sumo:Formula has the sumo:ObjectiveNorm. (sumo:husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN. The analog of sumo:element and sumo:instance for sumo:Lists. (sumo:inList ?OBJ ?LIST) means that ?OBJ is in the sumo:List ?LIST. For example, (sumo:inList sumo:Tuesday (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday sumo:Wednesday)) would be true. A sumo:BinaryRelation that is used to state the normative force of a sumo:Proposition. (sumo:modalAttribute ?FORMULA ?PROP) means that the sumo:Proposition expressed by ?FORMULA has the sumo:NormativeAttribute ?PROP. For example, (sumo:modalAttribute (sumo:exists (?ACT ?OBJ) (sumo:and (sumo:instance ?ACT sumo:Giving) (sumo:agent ?ACT John) (sumo:patient ?ACT ?OBJ) (sumo:destination ?ACT Tom))) sumo:Obligation) means that John is obligated to give Tom something. (RemainderFn ?NUMBER1 ?DIVISOR)--> ?NUMBER2 is the remainder of the number ?NUMBER1 divided by the number ?DIVISOR. The result has the same sign as ?DIVISOR. (sumo:wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN (sumo:wants ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is desired by ?AGENT, i.e. ?AGENT believes that ?OBJECT will satisfy one of its goals. Note that there is no implication that what is wanted by an agent is not already possessed by the agent. (sumo:MereologicalDifferenceFn ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) denotes the sumo:Object consisting of the parts which belong to ?OBJ1 and not to ?OBJ2. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps an sumo:Integer to its successor, e.g. the successor of 5 is 6. (sumo:tangent ?LINE ?CIRCLE) means that the straight line ?LINE is tangent to the figure ?CIRCLE, i.e. ?LINE touches ?CIRCLE without intersecting it. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .001 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:MilliFn sumo:Ampere) is .001 sumo:Amperes. A sumo:partition of a class C is a set of mutually sumo:disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C. Every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition. (sumo:lessThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER2. (sumo:origin ?PROCESS ?SOURCE) means that ?SOURCE indicates where the ?Process began. Note that this relation implies that ?SOURCE is present at the beginning of the process, but need not participate throughout the process. For example, the submarine is the sumo:origin in the following proposition: the missile was launched from a submarine. (sumo:timeIntervalStart ?TimeInterval, ?TimePoint) Declares the ?TimeInterval start time ?TimePoint. Note that the ?TimePoint must occur earlier than the sumo:TimePoint expressed in the timeIntervalEnd relation. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000001 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:MicroFn sumo:Meter) is .000001 sumo:Meters. This sumo:BinaryFunction assigns two sumo:GraphNodes to the sumo:GraphPath with the largest sum of weighted arcs between the two sumo:GraphNodes. This sumo:Predicate holds between an instance of sumo:Entity and an instance of sumo:Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the sumo:Attribute ?ATTR. A sumo:BinaryRelation is a partial ordering on a sumo:SetOrClass only if the relation is sumo:reflexiveOn the sumo:SetOrClass, and it is both an sumo:AntisymmetricRelation, and a sumo:TransitiveRelation. An sumo:exhaustiveDecomposition of a sumo:Class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every subclass of C either is an element of the set or is a subclass of an element of the set. Note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see sumo:partition - a sumo:partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition.) Expresses a relationship between a sumo:Formula and a sumo:CognitiveAgent whereby the sumo:CognitiveAgent has the obligation to bring it about that the sumo:Formula is true. Maps an sumo:Object and a sumo:TimePoint at which the sumo:Object exists to the sumo:Region where the sumo:Object existed at that sumo:TimePoint. (SH) This would have to be inputted manually. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps an sumo:Agent to the sumo:Set of sumo:Property owned by the sumo:Agent. (sumo:needs ?AGENT ?OBJECT) means that ?OBJECT is physically required for the continued existence of ?AGENT. A class-forming operator that takes two arguments: a variable and a formula containing at least one unbound occurrence of the variable. The result of applying sumo:KappaFn to a variable and a formula is the sumo:SetOrClass of things that satisfy the formula. For example, we can denote the sumo:SetOrClass of prime numbers that are less than 100 with the following expression: (KappaFn ?NUMBER (and (instance ?NUMBER PrimeNumber) (lessThan ?NUMBER 100))). Note that the use of this function is discouraged, since there is currently no axiomatic support for it. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps an sumo:Agent to a sumo:CurrencyMeasure specifying the value of the property owned by the sumo:Agent. Note that this sumo:Function is generally used in conjunction with the sumo:Function sumo:PropertyFn, e.g. (sumo:WealthFn (sumo:PropertyFn BillGates)) would return the monetary value of the sum of Bill Gates' holdings. (sumo:angularMeasure ?ANGLE ?MEASURE) means that the two-dimensional geometric angle ?ANGLE has the sumo:PlaneAngleMeasure of ?MEASURE. A sumo:BinaryFunction is closed on a sumo:SetOrClass if it is defined for all instances of the sumo:SetOrClass and its value is always an instance of the sumo:SetOrClass. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimePosition to a short, indeterminate sumo:TimeInterval that immediately precedes the sumo:TimePosition. Expresses a cognitive attitude of an agent with respect to a particular instance of Physical. More precisely, (sumo:hasPurposeForAgent ?THING ?FORMULA ?AGENT) means that the purpose of ?THING for ?AGENT is the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. Very complex issues are involved here. In particular, the rules of inference of the first order predicate calculus are not truth-preserving for the second argument position of this sumo:Predicate. (sumo:synonymousExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING has the same meaning as ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE. (sumo:properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that sumo:properlyFills is the dual of sumo:completelyFills, and is so related to sumo:partiallyFills that ?OBJ sumo:properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ sumo:partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). (sumo:refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that sumo:refers is more general in meaning than sumo:represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc. A sumo:BinaryFunction that assigns a sumo:PositiveRealNumber and a subclass of sumo:Months to the sumo:Days within each sumo:Month corresponding to that sumo:PositiveRealNumber. For example, (sumo:DayFn 16 sumo:August) is the sumo:Class of all sixteenth days of August. For another example, (sumo:DayFn 9 sumo:Month) would return the class of all ninth days of any month. For still another example, (sumo:DayFn 18 (sumo:MonthFn 8 (YearFn 1912))) denotes the 18th day of August 1912. "A BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of ContentBearingObject. (subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1. Examples include the relationship between a poem and one of its stanzas or between a book and one of its chapters. Note that this is a relation between subclasses of ContentBearingObject, rather than instances. If one wants to relate instances, the Predicate subsumesContentInstance can be used. Note that subsumesContentClass is needed in many cases. Consider, for example, the relation between the King James edition of the Bible and its Book of Genesis. This relation holds for every copy of this edition and not just for a single instance.") Relations between classes not allowed in DL (sumo:wears ?AGENT ?CLOTHING) means that ?AGENT is wearing the item of clothing An object is an sumo:instance of a sumo:SetOrClass if it is included in that sumo:SetOrClass. An individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others. Thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of sumo:instance about specificity or uniqueness. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to .000000000001 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:PicoFn sumo:Ampere) is .000000000001 sumo:Amperes. (sumo:subsumedExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING is subsumed by the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is narrower in meaning than ?STRING. (sumo:GreatestCommonDivisorFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2 ... ?NUMBER) returns the greatest common divisor of ?NUMBER1 through ?NUMBER. A very general semiotics predicate. (represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The predicates sumo:containsInformation and sumo:realization are subrelations of sumo:represents. Note that sumo:represents is a subrelation of sumo:refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is trichotomizing on a sumo:SetOrClass only if, for all instances ?INST1 and ?INST2 of the sumo:SetOrClass, at least one of the following holds: (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2),(?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) or (equal ?INST1 ?INST2). (sumo:direction ?PROC ?ATTR) means that the sumo:Process ?PROC is moving in the direction ?ATTR. For example, one would use this sumo:Predicate to represent the fact that Max is moving sumo:North. A subrelation of sumo:represents. This predicate relates a sumo:ContentBearingObject to the sumo:Proposition that is expressed by the sumo:ContentBearingObject. Examples include the relationships between a physical novel and its story and between a printed score and its musical content. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimeInterval to the sumo:TimePoint at which the interval ends. The general relationship of parenthood. (sumo:parent ?CHILD ?PARENT) means that ?PARENT is a biological parent of ?CHILD. (sumo:attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red) (sumo:capability ?PROCESS ?ROLE ?OBJ) means that ?OBJ has the ability to play the role of ?ROLE in sumo:Processes of type ?PROCESS. (sumo:subsumingExternalConcept ?STRING ?THING ?LANGUAGE) means that the SUMO concept ?THING subsumes the meaning of ?STRING in ?LANGUAGE, i.e. the concept ?THING is broader in meaning than ?STRING. Relations between classes not allowed in OWL DL A sumo:SetOrClass ?CLASS1 is an sumo:immediateSubclass of another sumo:SetOrClass ?CLASS2 just in case ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2 and there is no other subclass of ?CLASS2 such that ?CLASS1 is also a subclass of it. (sumo:editor ?AGENT ?TEXT) means that ?AGENT is an editor of ?TEXT. A sumo:Function that maps an sumo:Object to the side that is opposite the sumo:FrontFn of the sumo:Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some sumo:Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the sumo:range of this sumo:Function is indefinite in much the way that sumo:ImmediateFutureFn and sumo:ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. A basic relation for sumo:Graphs and their parts. (sumo:graphPart ?PART ?GRAPH) means that ?PART is a sumo:GraphArc or sumo:GraphNode of the sumo:Graph ?GRAPH. (sumo:agent ?PROCESS ?AGENT) means that ?AGENT is an active determinant, either animate or inanimate, of the sumo:Process ?PROCESS, with or without voluntary intention. For example, water is the sumo:agent of erosion in the following proposition: the water eroded the coastline. For another example, Eve is an sumo:agent in the following proposition: Eve bit an apple. (sumo:resource ?PROCESS ?RESOURCE) means that ?RESOURCE is present at the beginning of ?PROCESS, is used by ?PROCESS, and as a consequence is changed by ?PROCESS. For example, soap is a resource in the following proposition: the gun was carved out of soap. Note that sumo:resource differs from sumo:instrument, another subrelation of sumo:patient, in that its internal or physical properties are altered in some way by the sumo:Process. (CardinalityFn ?CLASS, ?NUMBER) returns the number of instances in the sumo:SetOrClass or sumo:Collection ?CLASS. Gives the range of a function. In other words, (sumo:range ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are sumo:instances of ?CLASS. (sumo:weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth the sumo:SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM. (sumo:CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the sumo:PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:GraphPath to the sumo:GraphNode that is the end of the sumo:GraphPath. Note that, unlike sumo:TerminalNodeFn (which relates a sumo:GraphArc to a sumo:GraphNode), sumo:EndNodeFn is a total function - every sumo:GraphPath has a end. The relation between a sumo:Human and a sumo:PermanentResidence of the human. A sumo:disjointDecomposition of a sumo:Class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually sumo:disjoint. If ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2 are sumo:Numbers, then (sumo:AdditionFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)-->?NUMBER3 is the arithmetical sum of these numbers. (sumo:ExponentiationFn ?NUMBER1 ?INT)-->?NUMBER2 returns the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER1 raised to the power of the sumo:Integer ?INT. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps two sumo:SetOrClasses to the difference between these sumo:SetOrClasses. More precisely, the relative complement of one class C1 relative to another C2 consists of the instances of C1 that are instances of the sumo:ComplementFn of C2. A subrelation of sumo:represents. (sumo:realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem. (sumo:MinFn ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2)--> ?NUMBER3 is the smallest of ?NUMBER1 and ?NUMBER2. In cases where ?NUMBER1 is equal to ?NUMBER2, sumo:MinFn returns one of its arguments. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:UnitOfMeasure into a sumo:UnitOfMeasure that is equal to 1,000 units of the original sumo:UnitOfMeasure. For example, (sumo:KiloFn sumo:Gram) is 1,000 sumo:Grams. (sumo:expressedInLanguage ?EXPRESS ?LANG) means that ?EXPRESS is expressed in sumo:Language ?LANG. (sumo:PremisesFn ?ARGUMENT) returns the complete set of sumo:premises of the sumo:Argument ?ARGUMENT (sumo:publishes ?ORG ?TEXT) means that ?ORG publishes ?TEXT. For example, Bantam Books publishes Agatha Christie's Murder_on_the_Orient_Express. A sumo:BinaryRelation ?REL is a total ordering on a sumo:SetOrClass only if it is a partial ordering for which either (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) or (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) for every ?INST1 and ?INST2 in the sumo:SetOrClass. The relation between a sumo:Human and a sumo:TemporaryResidence of the sumo:Human. (sumo:rangeSubclass ?FUNCTION ?CLASS) means that all of the values assigned by ?FUNCTION are sumo:subclasses of ?CLASS. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps two sumo:SetOrClasses to the union of these sumo:SetOrClasses. An object is an sumo:element of the union of two sumo:SetOrClasses just in case it is an sumo:instance of either sumo:SetOrClass. (element ?ENTITY ?SET) is true just in case ?ENTITY is contained in the sumo:Set ?SET. An sumo:Entity can be an sumo:element of another sumo:Entity only if the latter is a sumo:Set. a sumo:TernaryPredicate that specifies the sumo:GraphArc connecting two sumo:GraphNodes. (sumo:starts ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both sumo:TimeIntervals that have the same initial sumo:TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2. sumo:BinaryPredicate that is used to state the measure of an sumo:Object from side to side at its widest span. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:TimePosition to the sumo:TimeInterval which it meets and which ends at sumo:PositiveInfinity. (between ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 ?OBJ3) means that ?OBJ2 is spatially located between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3. Note that this implies that ?OBJ2 is directly between ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3, i.e. the projections of ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ3 overlap with ?OBJ2. An object ?ID is the identity element for BinaryFunction ?FUNCTION just in case, for every instance ?INST, applying ?FUNCTION to ?INST and ?ID results in ?INST. (sumo:subrelation ?REL1 ?REL2) means that every tuple of ?REL1 is also a tuple of ?REL2. In other words, if the sumo:Relation ?REL1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the sumo:Relation ?REL2 holds for the same arguments. A consequence of this is that a sumo:Relation and its subrelations must have the same sumo:valence. (properPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 other than ?OBJ2 itself. This is a transitive relation and asymmetric relation (hence an irreflexive relation). The transitive closure of sumo:successorAttribute. (sumo:successorAttributeClosure ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that there is a chain of sumo:successorAttribute assertions connecting ?ATTR1 and ?ATTR2. (sumo:surface ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a maximally connected sumo:superficialPart of ?OBJ2. Note that some sumo:SelfConnectedObjects have more than one surface, e.g. a hollow object like a tennis ball has both an inner and an outer surface. (&amp;sumo:geometricPart ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the amp;sumo:GeometricFigure ?PART is part of the amp;sumo:GeometricFigure ?WHOLE. (sumo:subProcess ?SUBPROC ?PROC) means that ?SUBPROC is a subprocess of ?PROC. A subprocess is here understood as a temporally distinguished part (proper or not) of a sumo:Process. The relation between two sumo:Graphs when one sumo:Graph is a part of the other. (sumo:subGraph ?GRAPH1 ?GRAPH2) means that ?GRAPH1 is a part of ?GRAPH2. (sumo:initialList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sumo:subList of ?LIST2 and (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) returns the same value as (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST2 ?NUMBER) for all of the values of ?NUMBER over which (sumo:ListOrderFn ?LIST1 ?NUMBER) is defined. (sumo:sister ?WOMAN ?PERSON) the ?WOMAN is the sister of ?PERSON Some sumo:artifacts have a life cycle with discrete stages or versions. (version ARTIFACT1 ARTIFACT2) means that ARTIFACT1 is a version of ARTIFACT2. Note that this sumo:predicate relates subclasses of sumo:artifact and not instances. (sumo:finishes ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 are both sumo:TimeIntervals that have the same ending sumo:TimePoint and that ?INTERVAL2 begins before ?INTERVAL1. (sumo:partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of sumo:Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that sumo:partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of sumo:partlyLocated and sumo:exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located. (sumo:cooccur ?THING1 ?THING2) means that the sumo:Object or sumo:Process ?THING1 occurs at the same time as, together with, or jointly with the sumo:Object or sumo:Process ?THING2. This covers the following temporal relations: is co-incident with, is concurrent with, is contemporaneous with, and is concomitant with. (bottom ?BOTTOM ?OBJECT) holds if ?BOTTOM is the lowest or deepest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. The temporal analogue of the spatial sumo:part predicate. (sumo:temporalPart ?POS1 ?POS2) means that sumo:TimePosition ?POS1 is part of sumo:TimePosition ?POS2. Note that since sumo:temporalPart is a sumo:ReflexiveRelation every sumo:TimePostion is a sumo:temporalPart of itself. (sumo:interiorPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is part ?OBJ2 and there is no overlap between ?OBJ1 and any sumo:superficialPart ?OBJ2. (sumo:larger ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is larger, with respect to all sumo:LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. A very general sumo:predicate. (precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists. (sumo:during ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 starts after and ends before ?INTERVAL2. (sumo:engineeringSubcomponent ?SUB ?SUPER) means that the sumo:EngineeringComponent ?SUB is structurally a sumo:properPart ?SUPER. This relation is an sumo:AsymmetricRelation, since two sumo:EngineeringComponents cannot be subcomponents of each other. (sumo:superficialPart ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 is a part of ?OBJ2 that has no interior parts of its own (or, intuitively, that only overlaps those parts of ?OBJ2 that are externally connected with the mereological complement of ?OBJ2). This too is a transitive relation closed under sumo:MereologicalSumFn and sumo:MereologicalProductFn. (sumo:equal ?ENTITY1 ?ENTITY2) is true just in case ?ENTITY1 is identical with ?ENTITY2. (sumo:located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is sumo:partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no sumo:part or sumo:subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ. A very general sumo:Predicate for biological relationships. (sumo:familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. (sumo:greaterThan ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER2. (subPlan ?PLAN1 ?PLAN2) means that ?PLAN1 is a sumo:plan which is a proper part of ?PLAN2. This relation is generally used to relate a supporting plan to the overall sumo:plan in a particular context. (sumo:subList ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 is a sublist of ?LIST2, i.e. every element of ?LIST1 is an element of ?LIST2 and the elements that are common to both sumo:Lists have the same order in both sumo:Lists. Elements that are common to both Lists and are consecutive in one list must also be consecutive in the other list. (Therefore - the list of prime numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 5 7] is not a subList of the natural numbers smaller than 10 [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9]). (sumo:beforeOrEqual ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 is identical with ?POINT2 or occurs before it on the universal timeline. (sumo:subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a sumo:Proposition which is a proper part of the sumo:Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, sumo:subProposition is the analogue of sumo:properPart for chunks of abstract content. relates an sumo:Object to an exact copy of the sumo:Object, where an exact copy is indistinguishable from the original with regard to every property except (possibly) spatial and/or temporal location. A very general sumo:predicate. (sumo:&precondition ?PROC1 ?PROC2) means that an instance of ?PROC2 can exist only if an instance of ?PROC1 also exists. (top ?TOP ?OBJECT) means that ?TOP is the highest maximal superficial part of ?OBJECT. (&amp;sumo:geographicSubregion ?PART ?WHOLE) means that the amp;sumo:GeographicArea ?PART is part of the amp;sumo:GeographicArea ?WHOLE. (sumo:greaterThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER1 is greater than the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER2. (sumo:subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the sumo:Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the sumo:Collection ?COLL2. Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (sumo:smaller ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) simply means that ?OBJ1 is smaller, with respect to all sumo:LengthMeasures, than ?OBJ2. (subOrganization ?ORG1 ?ORG2) means that ?ORG1 is an organization which is a part of the organization ?ORG2. Note that subOrganization is a reflexive relation, so every organization is a subOrganization of itself. (sumo:before ?POINT1 ?POINT2) means that ?POINT1 precedes ?POINT2 on the universal timeline. Means that the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them. To indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use the Predicate sumo:relatedExternalConcept. (sumo:crosses ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that sumo:object ?OBJ1 traverses Object ?OBJ2, without being sumo:connected to it. A sumo:BinaryPredicate relating two instances of sumo:ContentBearingObject. (sumo:subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ2 is part of the content expressed by ?OBJ1. An example is the relationship between a handwritten poem and one of its stanzas. Note that this is a relation between instances, rather than sumo:Classes. If one wants to assert a content relationship between sumo:Classes, e.g. between the version of an intellectual work and a part of that work, the relation sumo:subsumesContentClass should be used. A specialized common sense notion of part for arbitrary parts of substances. Quasi-synonyms are: chunk, hunk, bit, etc. Compare component, another subrelation of part. (sumo:lessThanOrEqualTo ?NUMBER1 ?NUMBER2) is true just in case the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER1 is less than or equal to the sumo:Quantity ?NUMBER2. (&amp;sumo:geopoliticalSubdivision ?AREA1 ?AREA2) means that ?AREA1 is any geopolitical part of ?AREA2; that is, ?AREA1 is an integral amp;sumo:geographicSubregion of ?AREA2 (not a amp;sumo:DependencyOrSpecialSovereigntyArea), having its own associated amp;sumo:GovernmentOrganization which is subordinated to or constrained by the government of ?AREA2. Cf. amp;sumo:dependentGeopoliticalArea. A specialized common sense notion of part for heterogeneous parts of complexes. (component ?COMPONENT ?WHOLE) means that ?COMPONENT is a component of ?WHOLE. Examples of component include the doors and walls of a house, the states or provinces of a country, or the limbs and organs of an animal. Compare piece, which is also a subrelation of part. The operator of logical entailment. (sumo:entails ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that ?FORMULA2 can be derived from ?FORMULA1 by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF. Relations between classes not allowed in OWL DL (sumo:subclass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that ?CLASS1 is a subclass of ?CLASS2, i.e. every instance of ?CLASS1 is also an instance of ?CLASS2. A class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses. The general relationship of being a brother. (sumo:brother ?MAN ?PERSON) means that ?MAN is the brother of ?PERSON. (earlier ?INTERVAL1 INTERVAL2) means that ?INTERVAL1 ends before ?INTERVAL2 begins. The relationship between two sumo:Organisms that have the same sumo:mother and sumo:father. Note that this relationship does not hold between half-brothers, half-sisters, etc. A sumo:BinaryPredicate that relates two subclasses of sumo:contentBearingObject. (sumo:equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) means that the content expressed by each instance of ?CLASS1 is also expressed by each instance of ?CLASS2, and vice versa. An example would be the relationship between English and Russian editions of Agatha Christie's 'Murder on the Orient Express'. Note that (sumo:equivalentContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) implies (sumo:subsumesContentClass ?CLASS1 ?CLASS2) and (sumo:subsumesContentClass ?CLASS2 ?CLASS1). Relations between classes not allowed in DL (sumo:connected ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 sumo:meetsSpatially ?OBJ2 or that ?OBJ1 sumo:overlapsSpatially ?OBJ2. (sumo:consistent ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that the two sumo:Propositions ?PROP1 and ?PROP2 are consistent with one another, i.e. it is possible for both of them to be true at the same time. (ReciprocalFn ?NUMBER) is the reciprocal element of ?NUMBER with respect to the multiplication operator (sumo:MultiplicationFn), i.e. 1/?NUMBER. Not all numbers have a reciprocal element. For example the number 0 does not. If a number ?NUMBER has a reciprocal ?RECIP, then the product of ?NUMBER and ?RECIP will be 1, e.g. 3*1/3 = 1. The reciprocal of an element is sumo:equal to applying the sumo:ExponentiationFn function to the element to the power -1. (&amp;sumo:legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means there is a relationship involving legal obligations between ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. (sumo:overlapsTemporally ?INTERVAL1 ?INTERVAL2) means that the sumo:TimeIntervals ?INTERVAL1 and ?INTERVAL2 have a sumo:TimeInterval as a common part. The inverse of a sumo:BinaryRelation is a relation in which all the tuples of the original relation are reversed. In other words, one sumo:BinaryRelation is the inverse of another if they are equivalent when their arguments are swapped. One of the basic sumo:ProbabilityRelations. (sumo:independentProbability ?FORMULA1 ?FORMULA2) means that the probabilities of ?FORMULA1 and ?FORMULA2 being true are independent. (&amp;sumo:parallel ?LINE1 ?LINE2) means that the &amp;sumo:OneDimensionalFigures ?LINE1 and ?LINE2 are parallel to one another, i.e. they are equidistant from one another at every point. The truth-functional connective of bi-implication. <=> (sumo:identicalListItems ?LIST1 ?LIST2) means that ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 have exactly the same items in their respective lists. Although ?LIST1 and ?LIST2 are required to share exactly the same items, they may order these items differently. (sumo:overlapsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the sumo:Objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 have some parts in common. This is a reflexive and symmetric (but not transitive) relation. sumo:Classes are sumo:disjoint only if they share no instances, i.e. just in case the result of applying sumo:IntersectionFn tothem is empty. This is the most general connection relation between sumo:EngineeringComponents. If (sumo:connectedEngineeringComponents ?COMP1 ?COMP2), then neither ?COMP1 nor ?COMP2 can be an sumo:engineeringSubcomponent of the other. The relation sumo:connectedEngineeringComponents is a sumo:SymmetricRelation; there is no information in the direction of connection between two components. It is also an sumo:IrreflexiveRelation; no sumo:EngineeringComponent bears this relation to itself. Note that this relation does not associate a name or type with the connection. A sumo:BinaryPredicate relating two instances of sumo:ContentBearingObject. (sumo:equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that the content expressed by ?OBJ1 is identical to the content expressed by ?OBJ2. An example would be the relationship between a handwritten draft of a letter to one's lawyer and a typed copy of the same letter. Note that (sumo:equivalentContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) implies (sumo:subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) and (sumo:subsumesContentInstance ?OBJ2 ?OBJ2). (sumo:meetsSpatially ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 are sumo:connected but that neither ?OBJ1 nor ?OBJ2 sumo:overlapsSpatially the other. (sumo:spouse, ?HUMAN, ?HUMAN) The relationship of marriage between two humans. (&amp;sumo:transactionAmount ?TRANSACTION ?AMOUNT) means that ?AMOUNT is an instance of amp;sumo:CurrencyMeasure being exhanged in the amp;sumo:FinancialTransaction ?TRANSACTION. (sumo:conclusion ?ARGUMENT ?PROPOSITION) means that the sumo:Proposition ?PROPOSITION is the conclusion explicitly drawn from the sumo:Argument ?ARGUMENT. Note that it may or may not be the case that ?ARGUMENT sumo:entails ?PROPOSITION. Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of sumo:VariableArityRelation. For example, sumo:holds is a sumo:VariableArityRelation. Simply relates an sumo:Object to a sumo:ConstantQuantity specifying the age of the sumo:Object. A sumo:UnaryFunction that maps a sumo:GraphArc to the terminal node of the sumo:GraphArc. Note that this is a partial function. In particular, the function is undefined for sumo:GraphArcs that are not part of a sumo:DirectedGraph." The general relationship of motherhood. (sumo:mother ?CHILD ?MOTHER) means that ?MOTHER is the biological mother of ?CHILD. (sumo:developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are sumo:developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively. (&amp;sumo:leader ?ORGANIZATION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?ORGANIZATION is ?PERSON. This predicate indicates the value of a sumo:GraphArc in a sumo:Graph. This could map to the length of a road in a road network or the flow rate of a pipe in a plumbing system. The general relationship of fatherhood. (sumo:father ?CHILD ?FATHER) means that ?FATHER is the biological fatherof ?CHILD. (sumo:geometricDistance ?POINT1 ?POINT2 --> ?LENGTH) means that ?LENGTH is the distance between the two sumo:GeometricPoints ?POINT1 and ?POINT2. A sumo:BinaryPredicate that specifies a sumo:TimePosition in absolute calendar time, at the resolution of one day, for a particular sumo:Object or sumo:Process. (sumo:distance ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2 --> ?QUANT) means that the shortest distance between the two objects ?OBJ1 and ?OBJ2 is ?QUANT. Note that the difference between the predicates sumo:length and sumo:distance is that the sumo:length is used to state the sumo:LengthMeasure of one of the dimensions of a single object, while sumo:distance is used to state the sumo:LengthMeasure that separates two distinct objects. A sumo:BinaryFunction that maps a type of text (e.g. Agatha Christie's murder_on_the_Orient_Express) and a number to the edition of the text type corresponding to the number. (sumo:duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the sumo:TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. The height of an sumo:object is the distance between its top and its sumo:bottom. The class of sumo:names that uniquely identify an instance of sumo:entity. Some examples of sumo:uniqueIdentifiers are the keys of tables in database applications and the ISBN (International Standard Book Number). This is a reference to the orriginal SUMO name of a class or property. For most this should be the same as the Name but can be different like when the a property is also expressed as an instance it must have a different name to the property expression. A sumo:BinaryPredicate that associates an sumo:Object with its value expressed as an instance of sumo:CurrencyMeasure. (LogFn ?NUMBER ?INT) --> ?NUMBER returns the logarithm of the sumo:RealNumber ?NUMBER in the base denoted by the sumo:Integer ?INT. LogFn located (sumo:located ?PHYS ?OBJ) means that ?PHYS is sumo:partlyLocated at ?OBJ, and there is no sumo:part or sumo:subProcess of ?PHYS that is not located at ?OBJ. (sumo:partlyLocated ?THING ?OBJ) means that the instance of sumo:Physical ?THING is at least partially located at ?OBJ. For example, Istanbul is partly located in Asia and partly located in Europe. Note that sumo:partlyLocated is the most basic localization relation: located is an immediate subrelation of sumo:partlyLocated and sumo:exactlyLocated is an immediate subrelation of located. partlyLocated partiallyFills (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?OBJ sumo:completelyFills some part of ?HOLE. Note that if (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ1 ?HOLE) and (sumo:part ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2), then (sumo:partiallyFills ?OBJ2 ?HOLE). Note too that a partial filler need not be wholly inside a hole (it may stick out), which means that every complete filler also qualifies as (is a limit case of) a partial one. (sumo:properlyFills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that ?HOLE is properly (though perhaps incompletely) filled by ?OBJ, i.e. some part of ?HOLE is perfectly filled by ?OBJ. Note that sumo:properlyFills is the dual of sumo:completelyFills, and is so related to sumo:partiallyFills that ?OBJ sumo:properlyFills ?HOLE just in case ?OBJ sumo:partiallyFills every part of ?HOLE. (Thus, every perfect filler is both complete and proper in this sense). properlyFills Holes can be filled. (sumo:fills ?OBJ ?HOLE) means that the sumo:Object ?OBJ fills the sumo:Hole ?HOLE. Note that sumo:fills here means perfectly filled. fills refers (sumo:refers ?OBJ1 ?OBJ2) means that ?OBJ1 mentions or includes a reference to ?OBJ2. Note that sumo:refers is more general in meaning than sumo:represents, because presumably something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. For example, an article whose topic is a recent change in the price of oil may refer to many other things, e.g. the general state of the economy, the weather in California, the prospect of global warming, the options for alternative energy sources, the stock prices of various oil companies, etc. represents A very general semiotics predicate. (sumo:represents ?THING ?ENTITY) means that ?THING in some way indicates, expresses, connotes, pictures, describes, etc. ?ENTITY. The predicates sumo:containsInformation and sumo:realization are subrelations of sumo:represents. Note that sumo:represents is a subrelation of sumo:refers, since something can represent something else only if it refers to this other thing. See the documentation string for names. realization A subrelation of sumo:represents. (sumo:realization ?PROCESS ?PROP) means that ?PROCESS is a Process which expresses the content of ?PROP. Examples include a particular musical performance, which realizes the content of a musical score, or the reading of a poem. uses (sumo:uses ?OBJECT ?AGENT) means that ?OBJECT is used by ?AGENT as an instrument in an unspecified sumo:Process. This sumo:Predicate, as its corresponding axiom indicates, is a composition of the sumo:CaseRoles sumo:agent and sumo:instrument. A very general predicate. (sumo:representsInLanguage ?THING ?ENTITY ?LANGUAGE) means that the sumo:instance of sumo:Physical ?THING stands for ?ENTITY in the language ?LANGUAGE. representsInLanguage Necessity sumo:Attribute that applies to sumo:Propositions that are necessary, i.e. true in every possible world. Specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take. If a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of sumo:VariableArityRelation. For example, sumo:holds is a sumo:VariableArityRelation. valence An object is an sumo:immediateInstance of a sumo:SetOrClass if it is an instance of the sumo:SetOrClass and it is not an instance of a proper subclass of sumo:SetOrClass. immediateInstance leader (sumo:leader ?ORGANIZATION ?PERSON) means that the leader of ?ORGANIZATION is ?PERSON. hole (sumo:hole ?HOLE ?OBJ) means that ?HOLE is a sumo:Hole in ?OBJ. A sumo:Hole is a fillable body located at the sumo:surface an sumo:Object. Permission sumo:Attribute that applies to sumo:Propositions that an sumo:Agent is permitted, by some authority, to make true. Prostrate The sumo:BodyPosition of lying down, being in a horizontal position. ListLengthFn A sumo:Function that takes a sumo:List as its sole argument and returns the number of items in the sumo:List. For example, (sumo:ListLengthFn (sumo:ListFn sumo:Monday sumo:Tuesday sumo:Wednesday)) would return the value 3. The sumo:ProbabilityAttribute of being probable, i.e. more likely than not to be sumo:True. Likely weight (sumo:weight ?O ?MM) means that on planet earth the sumo:SelfConnectedObject ?O has the weight ?MM. measure A very general sumo:Predicate for asserting that a particular sumo:Object is measured by a particular sumo:ConstantQuantity. In general, the second argument of this sumo:Predicate will be an instance of the sumo:Function sumo:MeasureFn. successorAttribute (sumo:successorAttribute ?ATTR1 ?ATTR2) means that ?ATTR2 is the sumo:Attribute that comes immediately after ?ATTR1 on the scale that they share. subAttribute Means that the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it. (sumo:considers ?AGENT ?FORMULA) means that ?AGENT considers or wonders about the truth of the proposition expressed by ?FORMULA. considers inScopeOfInterest A very general sumo:Predicate. (sumo:inScopeOfInterest ?AGENT ?ENTITY) means that ?ENTITY is within the scope of interest of ?AGENT. Note that the interest indicated can be either positive or negative, i.e. the ?AGENT can have an interest in avoiding or promoting ?ENTITY. duration (sumo:duration ?POS ?TIME) means that the duration of the sumo:TimePosition ?POS is ?TIME. developmentalForm (sumo:developmentalForm ?OBJECT ?FORM) means that ?FORM is an earlier stage in the individual maturation of ?OBJECT. For example, tadpole and caterpillar are sumo:developmentalForms of frogs and butterflies, respectively. (sumo:attribute ?OBJECT ?PROPERTY) means that ?PROPERTY is a sumo:Attribute of ?OBJECT. For example, (attribute MyLittleRedWagon Red) attribute property This sumo:Predicate holds between an instance of sumo:Entity and an instance of sumo:Attribute. (property ?ENTITY ?ATTR) means that ?ENTITY has the sumo:Attribute ?ATTR. CosineFn (sumo:CosineFn ?DEGREE) returns the cosine of the sumo:PlaneAngleMeasure ?DEGREE. The cosine of ?DEGREE is the ratio of the side next to ?DEGREE to the hypotenuse in a right-angled triangle. (sumo:legalRelation ?AGENT1 ?AGENT2) means there is a relationship involving legal obligations between ?AGENT1 and ?AGENT2. Some examples include marriage, adoption, etc. legalRelation The relationship of marriage between two Humans. spouse wife (sumo:wife ?WOMAN ?MAN) means that ?WOMAN is the wife of ?MAN A very general sumo:Predicate for biological relationships. (sumo:familyRelation ?ORGANISM1 ?ORGANISM2) means that ?ORGANISM1 and ?ORGANISM2 are biologically derived from a common ancestor. familyRelation (sumo:husband ?MAN ?WOMAN) means that ?MAN is the husband of ?WOMAN. husband subCollection (sumo:subCollection ?COLL1 ?COLL2) means that the sumo:Collection ?COLL1 is a proper part of the sumo:Collection ?COLL2. BackFn A sumo:Function that maps an sumo:Object to the side that is opposite the sumo:FrontFn of the sumo:Object. Note that this is a partial function, since some sumo:Objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres. Note too that the sumo:range of this sumo:Function is indefinite in much the way that sumo:ImmediateFutureFn and sumo:ImmediatePastFn are indefinite. Although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases. subProposition (sumo:subProposition ?PROP1 ?PROP2) means that ?PROP1 is a sumo:Proposition which is a proper part of the sumo:Proposition ?PROP2. In other words, sumo:subProposition is the analogue of sumo:properPart for chunks of abstract content.